EVIDENCE FOR ALTERNATE STABLE STATES IN COLLAPSING ECOLOGICAL NETWORKS
BackgroundThere has been considerable interest and progress in our perception of organized complexity in recent years. Recurrent debates on the dynamics and stability of complex systems have enriched our understanding of these systems, but generalities in the relationship between structure and dynamics are hard to come by. Although traditionally an arena for theoreticians, much of this research has been invigorated by demonstration of the existence of alternate stable equilibria in real world ecosystems such as lakes, coral reefs, forests and grasslands.\n\nResultsLinking up systems thinking with recent advances in our understanding of ecological networks opens up exciting possibilities. In an attempt to obtain general patterns of behaviour of complex systems, we have analyzed the response of eighty-six real world ecological networks to targeted extinctions, and the findings suggest that most networks are robust to loss of specialists until specific thresholds are reached in terms of geodesics. If the extinctions persist, a state change or flip occurs and the structural properties are altered drastically, although the network does not collapse. Further, we find that as opposed to simpler networks, larger networks have several such alternate states that ensure their long-term persistence and that indeed complexity does endow resilience to such networks.\n\nConclusionsThis is the first report of critical transitions in ecological networks and the implications of these findings for complex systems characterized by networks are likely to be profound with immediate significance in conservation biology, invasion biology and restoration ecology.