Itaconate is metabolized to 2-hydroxymethylsuccinate through a CoA-independent degradation pathway in mitochondria
The immunometabolite itaconate modulates cellular metabolism and is converted into structurally similar C5 dicarboxylates that require advanced analytics to decipher their metabolic fate. Here, we employ high-resolution mass spectrometry and tracing approaches and identify 2-hydroxymethylsuccinate (2HMS) as a previously unrecognized C5 dicarboxylate derived from itaconate. 2HMS synthesis occurs during inflammatory responses and upon itaconate treatment, as detected by 13C itaconate tracing. Pathway analysis reveals that methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase (AUH) drives 2HMS synthesis through a CoA-independent conversion (CIC) pathway. This pathway is distinct from the CoA-dependent conversion (CDC) pathway that generates mesaconate and itaconyl-CoA influencing B12-dependent processes. In vivo inflammation studies reveal that adipose tissue prefers CIC to produce 2HMS and liver favors CDC-mediated mesaconate synthesis, highlighting tissue-specific itaconate degradation routes. This study identifies a new branch of itaconate metabolism, provides an analytical framework to resolve C5 dicarboxylate networks, and links 2HMS to inflammation and mitochondrial metabolism that might be targeted therapeutically.