Biology subjects

Garcia-Pino, A.

Publications and source records attributed to Garcia-Pino, A..

12 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2025

Nanobody-mediated modulation of long RSH enzymes Rel and RelA catalysis by restriction of their conformational landscape

Long RSH enzymes, Rel and RelA, are the master regulators of (p)ppGpp alarmone levels in bacteria. Their catalytic activity is governed by transitions between a compact, hydrolysis-competent (HDON) state and an elongated, synthesis-competent (SYNTHON) state. The equilibrium between these states is modulated by factors such as "starved" ribosomes and regulatory proteins DarB, EIIANTR, ACP and YtfK. Here, we identify and characterize camelid nanobodies that act as selective allosteric modulators by trapping Rel/RelA enzymes in distinct conformational states. Nanobodies that lock the TGS domain of RelA and prevent its activation by deacylated tRNA on starved ribosomes, strongly inhibit (p)ppGpp synthesis and suppress the virulence of E. coli in an animal model. Nb898 stabilizes Rel in the open SYNTHON state, enhancing synthesis activity while suppressing hydrolysis. Conversely, Nb585 traps Rel in a HDON conformation, strongly inhibiting alarmone synthesis while promoting (p)ppGpp hydrolysis. Structural and biochemical analyses reveal that nanobodies, like natural allosteric regulators, act by restricting the RSH enzymes conformational landscape. These findings establish nanobodies as powerful tools for dissecting RSH function and provide potential leads for developing protein-based RSH modulators.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2024

Toxic Small Alarmone Synthetase FaRel2 inhibits translation by pyrophosphorylating tRNAGly and tRNAThr

Translation-targeting toxic Small Alarmone Synthetases (toxSAS) are effectors of bacterial Toxin-Antitoxin systems that pyrophosphorylate the 3-CCA end of tRNA to prevent aminoacylation. toxSAS are implicated in antiphage immunity: phage detection triggers the toxSAS activity to shut down viral production. We show that the toxSAS FaRel2 inspects the tRNA acceptor stem to specifically select tRNAGly and tRNAThr. The 1st, 2nd, 4th and 5th base pairs the stem act as the specificity determinants. We show that the toxSASs PhRel2 and CapRelSJ46 differ in tRNA specificity from FaRel2, and rationalise this through structural modelling: while the universal 3-CCA end slots into a highly conserved CCA recognition groove, the acceptor stem recognition region is variable across toxSAS diversity. As phages use tRNA isoacceptors to overcome tRNA-targeting defences, we hypothesise that highly evolvable modular tRNA recognition allows for the escape of viral countermeasures through tRNA substrate specificity switching.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2024

A versatile bacterial innate immunity protein directly senses two disparate phage proteins

Eukaryotic innate immune systems use pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to sense infection by detecting pathogen-associated molecular patterns, which then triggers an immune response. Bacteria have similarly evolved immunity proteins that sense certain components of their viral predators known as bacteriophages1-6. Although different immunity proteins can recognize different phage-encoded triggers, individual bacterial immunity proteins have only been found to sense a single trigger during infection, suggesting a one-to-one relationship between bacterial PRRs and their ligands7-11. Here, we demonstrate that the anti-phage defense protein CapRelSJ46 in Escherichia coli can directly bind and sense two completely unrelated and structurally different proteins using the same sensory domain, with overlapping but distinct interfaces. Our results highlight the remarkable versatility of an immune sensory domain, which may be a common property of anti-phage defense systems and enable them to keep pace with their rapidly evolving viral predators. We found that Bas11 phages harbor both trigger proteins that are sensed by CapRelSJ46 during infection, and we demonstrate that such phage can only fully evade CapRelSJ46 defense when both triggers are mutated. Our work reveals how a bacterial immune system that senses more than one trigger can help prevent phages from easily escaping detection, and it may allow detection of a broader range of phages. More generally, our findings illustrate unexpected multifactorial sensing by bacterial defense systems and complex coevolutionary relationships between them and their phage-encoded triggers.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2024

Mechanism of phage sensing and abortion by toxin-antitoxin-chaperone systems

Toxin-antitoxins (TAs) are prokaryotic two-gene systems comprised of a toxin neutralised by an antitoxin. Toxin-antitoxin-chaperone (TAC) systems additionally include a SecB-like chaperone that stabilises the antitoxin by recognising its chaperone addiction (ChAD) element. TACs have been shown to mediate antiphage defence, but the mechanisms of viral sensing and restriction are unexplored. We identify and characterise two Escherichia coli antiphage TAC systems containing HigBA and CmdTA TA units, HigBAC and CmdTAC. The HigBAC is triggered through recognition of the gpV major tail protein of phage {lambda}. Both the ChAD and gpV are recognised by the HigC chaperone through analogous aromatic molecular patterns, explaining the mechanism of activation. We show that the CmdT ADP-ribosyltransferase toxin modifies mRNA to shut down protein synthesis. We establish the modularity of TACs by creating a hybrid broad-spectrum antiphage system combining the CmdTA TA warhead with the HigC chaperone phage sensor. HighlightsE. coli HigBAC and CmdTAC are translation-targeting phage immunity TAC systems HigC chaperone recognises phage {lambda} major tail protein to trigger HigBAC toxicity CmdT ADP-ribosyltransferase toxin abrogates translation through modification of mRNA HigC combined with CmdTA yields hybrid broad-spectrum antiphage defence system

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2023

The structural basis of hyperpromiscuity in a core combinatorial network of Type II toxin-antitoxin and related phage defence systems

Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are a large group of small genetic modules found in prokaryotes and their mobile genetic elements. Type II TAs are encoded as bicistronic (two-gene) operons that encode two proteins: a toxin and a neutralising antitoxin. Using our tool NetFlax (standing for Network-FlaGs for toxins and antitoxins) we have performed a large-scale bioinformatic analysis of proteinaceous TAs, revealing interconnected clusters constituting a core network of TA-like gene pairs. To understand the structural basis of toxin neutralisation by antitoxins, we have predicted the structures of 3,419 complexes with AlphaFold2. Together with mutagenesis and functional assays, our structural predictions provide insights into the neutralising mechanism of the hyperpromiscuous Panacea antitoxin domain. In antitoxins composed of standalone Panacea, the domain mediates direct toxin neutralisation, while in multidomain antitoxins the neutralisation is mediated by other domains, such as PAD1, Phd-C and ZFD. We hypothesise that Panacea acts as a sensor that regulates TA activation. We have experimentally validated 16 new NetFlax TA systems. We used functional domain annotations and with metabolic labelling assays to predict their potential mechanisms of toxicity (such as disruption of membrane integrity, inhibition of cell division and abrogation of protein synthesis) as well as biological functions (such as antiphage defence). The interactive version of the NetFlax TA network that includes structural predictions can be accessed at http://netflax.webflags.se/. Significance statementToxin-antitoxin systems are enigmatic components of microbial genomes, with their biological functions being a conundrum of debate for decades. Increasingly, TAs are being found to have a role in defence against bacteriophages. By mapping and experimentally validating a core combinatorial network of TA systems and high-throughput prediction of structural interfaces, we uncover the evolutionary scale of TA partner swapping and discover new toxic effectors. We validate the predicted toxin:antitoxin complex interfaces of four TA systems, uncovering the evolutionary malleable mechanism of toxin neutralisation by Panacea-containing PanA antitoxins. We find TAs are evolutionarily related to several other phage defence systems, cementing their role as important molecular components of the arsenal of microbial warfare.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2022

Direct activation of an innate immune system in bacteria by a viral capsid protein

Bacteria have evolved sophisticated and diverse immunity mechanisms to protect themselves against a nearly constant onslaught of bacteriophages1-3. Similar to how eukaryotic innate immune systems sense foreign invaders through pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)4, many bacterial immune systems that respond to bacteriophage infection require a phage-specific trigger to be activated. However, the identities of such triggers and the mechanistic basis of sensing remain almost completely unknown. Here, we discover and investigate the anti-phage function of a fused toxin-antitoxin (TA) system called CapRelSJ46 that protects E. coli against diverse phages. Through genetic, biochemical, and structural analysis, we demonstrate that the C-terminal domain of CapRelSJ46 regulates the toxic N-terminal region, serving as both an antitoxin element and a phage-infection sensor. Following infection by certain phages, the newly synthesized major capsid protein binds directly to the C-terminal domain of CapRelSJ46 to relieve autoinhibition, enabling the toxin domain to then pyrophosphorylate tRNAs, which blocks translation to restrict viral infection. Collectively, our results reveal the molecular mechanism by which a bacterial immune system directly senses a conserved, essential component of phages, suggesting a PAMP-like sensing model for TA-mediated innate immunity in bacteria. We provide evidence that CapRels and their phage-encoded triggers are engaged in a Red Queen conflict5, revealing a new front in the intense coevolutionary battle being waged by phage and bacteria. With capsid proteins of some eukaryotic viruses known to stimulate innate immune signaling in mammalian hosts6-10, our results now reveal an ancient, deeply conserved facet of immunity.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2021

RelA-SpoT Homologue toxins pyrophosphorylate the CCA end of tRNA to inhibit protein synthesis

RelA-SpoT Homolog (RSH) enzymes control bacterial physiology through synthesis and degradation of the nucleotide alarmone (p)ppGpp. We recently discovered multiple families of Small Alarmone Synthetase (SAS) RSH acting as toxins of toxin-antitoxin (TA) modules, with the FaRel subfamily of toxSAS abrogating bacterial growth by producing an analogue of (p)ppGpp, (pp)pApp. Here we probe the mechanism of growth arrest employed by four experimentally unexplored subfamilies of toxSAS: FaRel2, PhRel, PhRel2 and CapRel. Surprisingly, all these toxins specifically inhibit protein synthesis. To do so, they transfer a pyrophosphate moiety from ATP to the tRNA 3' CCA. The modification inhibits both tRNA aminoacylation and the sensing of cellular amino acid starvation by the ribosome-associated RSH RelA. Conversely, we show that some Small Alarmone Hydrolase (SAH) RSH enzymes can reverse the pyrophosphorylation of tRNA to counter the growth inhibition by toxSAS. Collectively, we establish RSHs as a novel class of RNA-modifying enzymes.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2020

Ribosome association primes the stringent factor Rel for recruitment of deacylated tRNA to ribosomal A-site

In the Gram-positive Firmicute bacterium Bacillus subtilis, amino acid starvation induces synthesis of the alarmone (p)ppGpp by the multi-domain RelA/SpoT Homolog factor Rel. This bifunctional enzyme is capable of both synthesizing and hydrolysing (p)ppGpp. To detect amino acid deficiency, Rel monitors the aminoacylation status of the ribosomal A-site tRNA by directly inspecting the tRNAs CCA end. Here we uncover the molecular mechanism of Rel-mediated stringent response. Off the ribosome, Rel assumes a closed conformation which has predominantly (p)ppGpp hydrolysis activity. This state does not specifically inspect tRNA and the interaction is only moderately affected by tRNA aminoacylation. Once bound to the vacant ribosomal A-site, Rel assumes an open conformation, which primes its TGS and Helical domains for specific recognition and recruitment of cognate deacylated tRNA to the ribosome. The tRNA locks Rel on the ribosome in a hyperactivated state that processively synthesises (p)ppGpp while the hydrolysis is suppressed. In stark contrast to non-specific tRNA interactions off the ribosome, tRNA-dependent Rel locking on the ribosome and activation of (p)ppGpp synthesis are highly specific and completely abrogated by tRNA aminoacylation. Binding pppGpp to a dedicated allosteric site located in the N-terminal catalytic domain region of the enzyme further enhances its synthetase activity.

biochemistry↗

bioRxiv2019

C-terminal RRM/ACT domain is crucial for fine-tuning the activation of 'long' RelA-SpoT Homolog enzymes by ribosomal complexes

The (p)ppGpp-mediated stringent response is a bacterial stress response implicated in virulence and antibiotic tolerance. Both synthesis and degradation of the (p)ppGpp alarmone nucleotide are mediated by RelA-SpoT Homolog (RSH) enzymes which can be broadly divided in two classes: single-domain short and multi-domain long RSH. The regulatory ACT (Aspartokinase, Chorismate mutase and TyrA) / RRM (RNA Recognition Motif) domain is a near-universal C-terminal domain of long RSHs. Deletion of RRM in both monofunctional (synthesis-only) RelA as well as bifunctional (i.e. capable of both degrading and synthesising the alarmone) Rel renders the long RSH cytotoxic due to overproduction of (p)ppGpp. To probe the molecular mechanism underlying this effect we characterised Escherichia coli RelA and Bacillus subtilis Rel RSHs lacking RRM. We demonstrate that, first, the cytotoxicity caused by the removal of RRM is counteracted by secondary mutations that disrupt the interaction of the RSH with the starved ribosomal complex - the ultimate inducer of (p)ppGpp production by RelA and Rel - and, second, that the hydrolytic activity of Rel is not abrogated in the truncated mutant. Therefore, we conclude that the overproduction of (p)ppGpp by RSHs lacking the RRM domain is not explained by a lack of auto-inhibition in the absence of RRM or/and a defect in (p)ppGpp hydrolysis. Instead, we argue that it is driven by misregulation of the RSH activation by the ribosome.

biochemistry↗

bioRxiv2019

Nucleotide-mediated allosteric regulation of bifunctional Rel enzymes

Bifunctional Rel stringent factors, the most broadly distributed class of RSHs, are ribosome-associated enzymes that transfer a pyrophosphate group from ATP onto the 3' of GTP or GDP to synthesize (p)ppGpp and also catalyse the 3' pyrophosphate hydrolysis of the alarmone to degrade it. The precise regulation of these enzymes seems to be a complex allosteric mechanism, and despite decades of research, it is unclear how the two opposing activities of Rel are controlled at the molecular level. Here we show that a stretch/recoil guanosine-switch mechanism controls the catalytic cycle of T. thermophilus Rel (RelTf). The binding of GDP/ATP stretches apart the NTD catalytic domains of RelTf (RelTtNTD) activating the synthetase domain and allosterically blocking the hydrolase active site. Conversely, binding of ppGpp unlocks the hydrolase domain and triggers recoil of both NTDs, which partially buries the synthetase active site and precludes the binding of synthesis precursors. This allosteric mechanism acts as an activity switch preventing futile cycles of alarmone synthesis and degradation.

molecular biology↗

bioRxiv2019

Discovery of small alarmone synthetases and their inhibitors as toxin-antitoxin loci

Under stressful conditions, bacterial RelA-SpoT Homologue (RSH) enzymes synthesise the alarmone (p)ppGpp, a nucleotide messenger. (p)ppGpp rewires bacterial transcription and metabolism to cope with stress, and at high concentrations inhibits the process of protein synthesis and bacterial growth to save and redirect resources until conditions improve. Single domain Small Alarmone Synthetases (SASs) are RSH family members that contain the (p)ppGpp synthesis (SYNTH) domain, but lack the hydrolysis (HD) domain and regulatory C-terminal domains of the long RSHs such as Rel, RelA and SpoT. We have discovered that multiple SAS subfamilies can be encoded in broadly distributed conserved bicistronic operon architectures in bacteria and bacteriophages that are reminiscent of those typically seen in toxin-antitoxin (TA) operons. We have validated five of these SASs as being toxic (toxSASs), with neutralisation by the protein products of six neighbouring antitoxin genes. The toxicity of Cellulomonas marina ToxSAS FaRel is mediated by alarmone accumulation combined with depletion of cellular ATP and GTP pools, and this is counteracted by its HD domain-containing antitoxin. Thus, the ToxSAS-antiToxSAS system is a novel TA paradigm comprising multiple different antitoxins that exemplifies how ancient nucleotide-based signalling mechanisms can be repurposed as TA modules during evolution, potentially multiple times independently.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2018

Regulation of (p)ppGpp hydrolysis by a conserved archetypal regulatory domain

Sensory and regulatory domains allow bacteria to adequately respond to environmental changes. The regulatory ACT domains are mainly found in metabolic-related proteins as well as in long (p)ppGpp synthetase/hydrolase (SD/HD) enzymes. Here, we investigate the functional role of the ACT domain of SpoT, the only (p)ppGpp SD/HD of Caulobacter crescentus. We show that SpoT requires the ACT domain to hydrolyse ppGpp in an efficient way. In addition, our in vivo and in vitro data show that the phosphorylated version of EIIANtr (EIIANtr~P) interacts directly with the ACT to inhibit the hydrolase activity of SpoT. Finally, we highlight the conservation of the ACT-dependent interaction between EIIANtr~P and SpoT/Rel along with the PTSNtr-dependent regulation of (p)ppGpp accumulation upon nitrogen starvation in Sinorhizobium meliloti, a plant-associated -proteobacterium. Thus, this work suggests that -proteobacteria might have inherited from a common ancestor, a PTSNtr dedicated to modulate (p)ppGpp levels.

microbiology↗