Biology subjects

Farag, M.

Publications and source records attributed to Farag, M..

3 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2022

Quantifying coexistence concentrations in multi-component phase-separating systems using analytical HPLC

Over the last decade, evidence has accumulated to suggest that numerous instances of cellular compartmentalization can be explained by the phenomenon of phase separation. This is a process by which a macromolecular solution separates spontaneously into dense and dilute coexisting phases. Semi-quantitative, in vitro approaches for measuring phase boundaries have proven very useful in determining some key features of biomolecular condensates, but these methods often lack the precision necessary for generating quantitative models. Therefore, there is a clear need for techniques that allow quantitation of coexisting dilute and dense phase concentrations of phase-separating biomolecules, especially in systems with more than one type of macromolecule. Here we report the design and deployment of analytical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) for in vitro separation and quantification of distinct biomolecules that allows us to measure dilute and dense phase concentrations needed to reconstruct coexistence curves in multicomponent mixtures. This approach is label-free, detects lower amounts of material than is accessible with classic UV-spectrophotometers, is applicable to a broad range of macromolecules of interest, is a semi-high-throughput technique, and if needed, the macromolecules can be recovered for further use. The approach promises to provide quantitative insights into the balance of homotypic and heterotypic interactions in multicomponent phase-separating systems.

biophysics↗

bioRxiv2022

Condensates of disordered proteins have small-world network structures and interfaces defined by expanded conformations

The formation of membraneless biomolecular condensates is driven by macromolecules with sticker-and-spacer architectures that undergo phase separation coupled to percolation (PSCP). Driving forces for PSCP are governed by the interplay between reversible inter-sticker crosslinks and solvation preferences of spacers. Here, we introduce molecular and mesoscale descriptions of structures within, outside, and at the interfaces of condensates that are formed by prion-like low complexity domains (PLCDs), which are exemplars of intrinsically disordered, linear multivalent proteins. Our studies are based on simulations that accurately describe sequence-specific phase behaviors of PLCDs. We find that networks of reversible, intermolecular, inter-sticker crosslinks organize PLCDs into small-world topologies within condensates. These topologies result from distinct conformational preferences within dense, dilute, and interfacial regions. Specifically, the degree of conformational expansion varies non-monotonically, being most expanded at the interface and most compact in the dilute phase with molecules preferring to be oriented perpendicular to condensate interfaces. This contrasts with dense and dilute phases where molecules are randomly oriented relative to one another. Our results demonstrate that even simple condensates, with only one type of macromolecule, feature inhomogeneous spatial organizations of molecules and interfacial features that likely prime them for being locations of biochemical activity.

biophysics↗

bioRxiv2021

Deciphering how naturally occurring sequence features impact the phase behaviors of disordered prion-like domains

Phase separation of intrinsically disordered prion-like low-complexity domains (PLCDs) derived from RNA-binding proteins enable the formation of biomolecular condensates in cells. PLCDs have distinct amino acid compositions, and here we decipher the physicochemical impact of conserved compositional biases on the driving forces for phase separation. We find that tyrosine residues make for stronger drivers of phase separation than phenylalanine. Depending on their sequence contexts, arginine residues enhance or weaken phase separation, whereas lysine residues weaken cohesive interactions within PLCDs. Increased net charge per residue (NCPR) weakens the driving forces for phase separation of PLCDs and this effect can be modeled quantitatively. The effects of NCPR also weaken known correlations between the dimensions of single chains in dilute solution and the driving forces for phase separation. We build on experimental data to develop a coarse-grained model for accurate simulations of phase separation that yield novel insights regarding PLCD phase behavior.

biophysics↗