Biology subjects

Fan, T.

Publications and source records attributed to Fan, T..

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2026

Habitual sleep duration is associated with the cortical organisation of brain network controllability

Sleep is fundamental to adaptive brain function, yet how habitual sleep relates to the structural network properties that support flexible transitions between brain states remains poorly understood. Combining wrist-accelerometer sleep measures with diffusion MRI connectomes from 15,799 UK Biobank adults, we show that longer workday sleep is associated with higher modal controllability of somatomotor systems and lower controllability of visual cortex. This system-specific signature reproduced in a locked test set (n = 4,740) and was robust across extensive sensitivity analyses. Decomposition showed that it reflects a redistribution of structural connection weight, with greater absolute visual connectivity and a smaller somatomotor share of the whole-brain total. Weekend catch-up sleep showed no comparable association. The signature was distinct from brain-ageing patterns and, across 1,226 phenotypes, related mainly to physical activity and body composition rather than cognition. These findings link everyday sleep habits to the system-specific organisation of brain network controllability.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2026

Cortical Hierarchy Dynamically Organizes Large-Scale Neural Propagation

Flexible behaviour depends on the continuous coordination of sensory-driven and internally guided processing, yet whether the cortical hierarchy spanning lower-order sensory to higher-order association systems dynamically organizes large-scale cortical propagation over time remains unclear. Here we combined source-resolved magnetoencephalography with Riemannian cortical-flow modelling to derive hierarchy consistency, a moment-to-moment measure of the alignment between cortical propagation and the principal sensory-to-association functional gradient. We found that large-scale cortical propagation was dynamically organized by the cortical hierarchy. Hierarchy consistency exhibited a reproducible low-frequency periodic component that defined a characteristic timescale for the continuous updating of propagation direction. This dynamic organization was coordinated by a distributed cortical switchboard spanning the default-mode, salience, control and limbic systems, and was constrained by structural connectivity and network-control architecture. It flexibly adapted to behavioural demands, with hierarchy consistency increasing across both sensorimotor and working-memory states, while its characteristic periodicity shifted in a task-dependent manner. Moreover, hierarchy-related propagation dynamics were systematically reorganized across ageing and associated with higher-order cognitive function. Together, these findings establish the cortical hierarchy as a dynamic organizing principle that continuously shapes the direction and temporal evolution of large-scale cortical propagation to support adaptive behaviour.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2026

Functional Robustness of Food Webs: A Dynamic Biomass Framework with Vital Species Sets and Cluster Influence

1. Species loss can erode food-web functioning not only through secondary extinctions, but also through biomass redistribution, weakened energy pathways, and threshold-like functional collapse. Common topology-, connectivity-, and extinction-based robustness metrics provide valuable summaries of structural disassembly and cascade risk, but they are not designed to quantify continuous biomass retention, collapse-associated species sets, and non-additive group-level effects within a single dynamic framework. 2. We develop a dynamic biomass-based framework for assessing food-web robustness under progressive species removal. The framework introduces Dynamic Area-based Robustness (DAR), which quantifies the weighted area between slow- and fast-collapse reference trajectories of total ecosystem biomass retention. Building on these trajectories, we operationally define the Minimal Vital Species Set (MVSS) as the smallest fast-collapse-prefix species set whose removal first drives biomass below a predefined functional-collapse threshold. We further propose Cluster Influence (CI), which compares the biomass effect of simultaneous group removal with the mean effect of removing the same species individually. 3. We evaluated the framework using 120 niche-model virtual food webs spanning controlled gradients of species richness and connectance, and further demonstrated its applicability on 16 empirical stream food webs. We compared DAR with AUC- and secondary-extinction-based robustness metrics and assessed the sensitivity of DAR, MVSS, and CI to key bioenergetic parameters and parameter uncertainty. 4. DAR captured biomass-based robustness patterns that were only partly aligned with structural and extinction-based metrics, indicating that dynamic functional degradation provides complementary information. In virtual food webs, MVSS subsets were strongly enriched in basal species or basal resource nodes, and smaller MVSS proportions were associated with stronger positive CI under fast-collapse trajectories. Together, DAR, MVSS, and CI provide a reproducible framework for linking food-web structure, biomass dynamics, collapse thresholds, and non-additive species-set effects, offering a practical tool for dynamic robustness assessment in theoretical and empirical food webs.

ecology↗

bioRxiv2025

Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Reveals Hemocyte Heterogeneity, Differentiation Trajectories, and Viral Tropism in Shrimp (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) Infected with Decapod Iridescent Virus 1

Decapod Iridescent Virus 1 (DIV1) is a highly pathogenic virus threatening crustacean aquaculture. Hemocytes, the primary immune cells in shrimp, play crucial roles in host defense, yet their transcriptional heterogeneity and differentiation dynamics under viral infection remain poorly understood. Here, we characterize hemocyte subpopulations in Macrobrachium rosenbergii before and after DIV1 infection at single-cell resolution. We identified 12 distinct hemocyte clusters with unique molecular signatures. DIV1 infection induced significant shifts in hemocyte composition, with clusters 0, 5, 6, and 8 expanding, while clusters 9 and 10 exhibited resistance. Clusters 0, 5, and 8 were highly susceptible, showing elevated viral gene expression. Pseudo-time analysis revealed that DIV1 accelerates hemocyte differentiation, driving prohemocytes and semi-granulocytes toward terminally differentiated granulocytes and hyalinocytes, particularly the immune-active HC4 subpopulation. Functional enrichment analysis showed that susceptible hemocytes were associated with viral processes, oxidative stress, and phagocytosis, while resistant clusters exhibited distinct immune signatures. Furthermore, knockdown experiments confirmed the antiviral roles of PPO2, RAB11B, LAMP1, and Dorsal, as their silencing led to increased viral loads, higher MCP protein levels, and reduced shrimp survival. Taken together, our study provides the first single-cell resolution atlas of shrimp hemocytes under DIV1 infection, revealing their transcriptional heterogeneity, differentiation trajectories, and immune responses. These findings offer novel insights into shrimp antiviral immunity and lay the foundation for disease-resistant breeding and immunostimulatory strategies in aquaculture. ImportancesDecapod Iridescent Virus 1 (DIV1) is a highly pathogenic virus threatening crustacean aquaculture, causing severe economic losses. Hemocytes, the primary immune cells in shrimp, play crucial roles in antiviral defense, yet their diversity, differentiation, and responses to viral infection remain poorly understood. In this study, we employed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to comprehensively characterize hemocyte subpopulations in Macrobrachium rosenbergii before and after DIV1 infection. We identified 12 transcriptionally distinct hemocyte clusters and revealed significant changes in hemocyte composition following infection. Notably, we discovered that specific clusters (0, 5 and 8) were highly susceptible to DIV1, while others (9 and 10) exhibited resistance. Additionally, we reconstructed hemocyte differentiation trajectories and found that DIV1 infection drives hematopoiesis, accelerating the transition of progenitor cells into terminally differentiated immune-active hemocytes. Functional analysis highlighted key antiviral effectors, including PPO2, RAB11B, LAMP1, and Dorsal, which were significantly upregulated in response to infection. These findings provide novel insights into shrimp antiviral immunity and viral pathogenesis, offering potential targets for disease-resistant breeding and immunostimulatory interventions.

immunology↗

bioRxiv2024

Regulatory Changes in the Fatty Acid Elongase eloF Underlie the Evolution of Sex-specific Pheromone Profiles in Drosophila prolongata

Pheromones play a key role in regulating sexual behavior throughout the animal kingdom. In Drosophila and other insects, many cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) are sexually dimorphic, and some are known to perform pheromonal functions. However, the genetic control of sex-specific CHC production is not understood outside of the model species D. melanogaster. A recent evolutionary change is found in D. prolongata, which, compared to its closest relatives, shows greatly increased sexual dimorphism in both CHCs and the chemosensory system responsible for their perception. A key transition involves a male-specific increase in the proportion of long-chain CHCs. Perfuming D. prolongata females with the male-biased CHCs reduces copulation success, suggesting that these compounds function as sex pheromones. The evolutionary change in CHC profiles correlates with a male-specific increase in the expression of multiple genes involved in CHC biosynthesis, including fatty acid elongases and reductases and other key enzymes. In particular, elongase F, which is responsible for producing female-specific pheromones in D. melanogaster, is strongly upregulated in D. prolongata males compared both to females and to males of the sibling species. Induced mutations in eloF reduce the amount of long-chain CHCs, resulting in a partial feminization of pheromone profiles in D. prolongata males while having minimal effect in females. Transgenic experiments show that sex-biased expression of eloF is caused in part by a putative transposable element insertion in its regulatory region. These results reveal one of the genetic mechanisms responsible for a recent evolutionary change in sexual communication.

evolutionary biology↗

bioRxiv2024

PointTree: Automatic and accurate reconstruction of long-range axonal projections of single-neuron

Single-neuron axonal projections reveal the route map of neuron output and provide a key cue for understanding how information flows across the brain. Reconstruction of single-neuron axonal projections requires intensive manual operations in tens of terabytes of brain imaging data, and is highly time-consuming and labor-intensive. The main issue lies in the need for precise reconstruction algorithms to avoid reconstruction errors, yet current methods struggle with densely distributed axons, focusing mainly on skeleton extraction. To overcome this, we introduce a point assignment-based method that uses cylindrical point sets to accurately represent axons and a minimal information flow tree model to suppress the snowball effect of reconstruction errors. Our method successfully reconstructs single-neuron axonal projections across hundreds of GBs (Gigabytes) images with an average of 80% F1-score, while current methods only provide less than 40% F1-score reconstructions from a few hundred MBs (Megabytes) images. This huge improvement is helpful for high-throughput mapping of neuron projections.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2024

High performance TadA-8e derived cytosine and dual base editors with undetectable off-target effects in plants

Cytosine base editors (CBEs) and adenine base editors (ABEs) are powerful tools to install precise C-to-T and A-to-G base edits in living organisms. In recently years, a highly efficient ABE based on engineered TadA-8e, known as ABE8e, has been developed to confer highly efficient A-to-G editing in mammalian cells and plants. Interestingly, TadA-8e can be further evolved and engineered to confer cytosine base editing. In this study, we compare in rice and tomato cells a serial of engineered CBEs derived from TadA-8e and identify TadCBEa, TadCBEd, and TadCBEd_V106W as efficient CBEs with high editing purity, while maintaining the relatively narrow editing window of ABE8e. Excitingly, we show TadDE is a new class of dual base editor where a single deaminase domain promotes simultaneous C-to-T and A-to-G base editing in plant cells. Multiplexed base editing is demonstrated in transgenic rice plants with TadCBEa and TadDE. Furthermore, no off-target effects of TadCBEa and TadDE can be detected by whole genome and transcriptome sequencing of the transgenic lines, suggesting high editing specificity. Finally, we demonstrate two gain-of-function crop engineering applications in rice by using the efficient dual base editor, TadDE. In the first case, herbicide resistance alleles of OsALS are introduced by TadDE. In the second case, synonymous mutations are generated in OsSPL14, making its transcript resistant to OsMIR156-mediated degradation. Together, this study reports TadA-8e derived CBEs and a dual base editor with high editing activity, purity, and specificity. They are valuable additions to the expanding plant base editing toolbox.

molecular biology↗

bioRxiv2024

Ultraviolet attenuates centromere-mediated meiotic genome stability and alters gametophytic ploidy consistency in flowering plants

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation influences development and genome stability in organisms; however, its impacts on meiosis, a special cell division essential for the delivery of genetic information over generations in eukaryotes, remain not yet elucidated. In this study, we demonstrate that UV attenuates the centromere-mediated meiotic chromosome stability and induces unreduced gametes in Arabidopsis thaliana. We show that UV reduces crossover (CO) rate but does not interfere with meiotic chromosome integrity. Functional centromere-specific histone 3 (CENH3) is required for the obligate CO formation, and plays a role in protection of homolog synapsis and sister-chromatid cohesion under UV stress. Moreover, UV specifically alters the orientation and organization of spindles and phragmoplasts at meiosis II, resulting in meiotic restitution and unreduced gametes. Further, we determine that UV-induced meiotic restitution does not rely on the UV Resistance Locus8-mediated UV perception and the Tapetal Development and Function1- and Aborted Microspores-dependent tapetum development, but occurs possibly via impacted JASON function and downregulated Parallel Spindle1. This study sheds light on the impacts of UV on meiotic genome stability and gametophytic ploidy consistency, which thus may influence genome evolution in flowering plants.

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2023

Landscape and functional repertoires of long noncoding RNAs in the pan-cancer tumor microenvironment using single-nucleus total RNA sequencing

Intratumor heterogeneity (ITH) plays crucial roles in tumor progression. However, the atlas of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the context of ITH across multiple cancer types remains largely unexplored. Here, we analyze over 800,000 cells from ten different cancer types generated from the random-primed single-nucleus total RNA sequencing and provide a systematic landscape of lncRNAs in tumor microenvironment (TME) and malignant programs. Our study employe a robust cell annotation pipeline called scAnnotation, which allows us to identify 39 distinct cell types within the pan-cancer TME. By applying stringent criteria, we identify thousands of reliable marker genes, including both mRNAs and lncRNAs. Next, we identify sets of cell type-specific lncRNA-mRNA pairs by our LncPairs algorithm. Moreover, we identify nine expression meta-programs (MPs) associated with diverse biological processes in malignant cells across multiple cancer types. MP-specific lncRNA-transcription factor (TF) regulatory networks are further constructed and key lncRNAs and regulons that exert control over MP-specific gene expression are identified. The comprehensive atlas of lncRNAs in the pan-cancer context, coupled with the bioinformatics tools tailored for the random-primed datasets, is expected to accelerate advancements in the field of lncRNA research at the single-cell resolution.

cancer biology↗

bioRxiv2022

FC2 stabilizes POR and suppresses ALA formation in the tetrapyrrole biosynthesis pathway

O_LIDuring photoperiodic growth, the light-dependent nature of chlorophyll synthesis in angiosperms necessitates robust control of the production of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), the rate-limiting step in the initial stage of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis (TBS). We are interested in dissecting the post-translational control of this process, which suppresses ALA synthesis for chlorophyll synthesis in dark-grown plants. C_LIO_LIUsing biochemical approaches for analysis of wild-type and mutant lines as well as complementation lines, we show that the heme-synthesizing ferrochelatase 2 (FC2) interacts with protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase and the regulator FLU which both promote the feedback-controlled suppression of ALA synthesis by inactivation of glutamyl-tRNA reductase, thus preventing excessive accumulation of potentially deleterious tetrapyrrole intermediates. C_LIO_LIThereby FC2 stabilizes POR by physical interaction. When the interaction between FC2 and POR is perturbed, suppression of ALA synthesis is attenuated and photoreactive protochlorophyllide accumulates. FC2 is anchored in the thylakoid membrane via its membrane-spanning CAB (chlorophyll-a-binding) domain. C_LIO_LIFC2 is one of the two isoforms of ferrochelatase catalyzing the last step of heme synthesis. Although FC2 belongs to the heme-synthesizing branch of TBS, its interaction with POR potentiates the effects of the GluTR-inactivation complex on the chlorophyll-synthesizing branch, and ensures reciprocal control of chlorophyll and heme synthesis. C_LI

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2022

Temporal gradient characteristics of automatic neural representation for orthographic consistency in Chinese characters

Visual word processing involves the automatic decoding of orthographic, phonological and semantic information. The mappings of these information in a writing system comprise an important feature of visual words: orthographic regularity and consistency. Recent electroencephalography (EEG) studies have investigated the automatic processing mechanism of orthographic regularity (i.e., words vs. pseudowords) among visual words. However, the automated mechanism and temporal dynamics of different types of orthographic consistency effects (e.g., orthographic positional consistency, orthography-to-phonology consistency vs. orthography-to-semantics consistency) have never been studied. This study explored automatic neural representation for orthographic consistency effects in visual words and its temporal dynamics through an oddball paradigm. Three types of oddball sequences were designed with Chinese characters as stimuli, including consistent Chinese characters as standard stimuli and three types of inconsistent characters (orthographic positional inconsistent, orthography-to-phonology inconsistent vs. orthography-to-semantics inconsistent) as deviant stimuli, respectively. Significant visual mismatch negativity (vMMN) activities were observed in all three types of inconsistent characters, which suggests automatic processing caused by orthographic consistency violations. Time-resolved representational similarity analysis (RSA) further revealed that there are different temporal dynamics of automatic neural representations for the three types of consistency features. The representation of positional consistency emerged earlier within an independent time window, while the representation of phonetic and semantic consistency emerged later, and partially overlapped. These findings provide novel insights for the temporal gradient characteristics of automated representation structure of orthography consistency information.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2022

Accurate and efficient protein sequence designthrough learning concise local environment of residues

Protein sequence design has been widely applied in rational protein engineering and increasing the design accuracy and efficiency is highly desired. Here we present ProDESIGN-LE, an accurate and efficient design approach, which adopts a concise but informative representation of residues local environment and trains a transformer to select an appropriate residue at a position from its local environment. ProDESIGN-LE iteratively applies the transformer on the positions in the target structure, eventually acquiring a designed sequence with all residues fitting well with their local environments. ProDESIGN-LE designed sequences for 68 naturally occurring and 129 hallucinated proteins within 20 seconds per protein on average, and the predicted structures from the designed sequences perfectly resemble the target structures with state-of-the-art average TM-score exceeding 0.80. We further experimentally validated ProDESIGN-LE by designing five sequences for an enzyme, chloramphenicol O-acetyltransferase type III (CAT III), and recombinantly expressing the proteins in E. coli. Of these proteins, three exhibited excellent solubility, and one yielded monomeric species with circular dichroism spectra consistent with the natural CAT III protein.

bioinformatics↗

bioRxiv2021

Lung Epithelial Cells Can Produce Antibodies Participating In Adaptive Humoral Immune Responses

It is generally believed that the main source of antibodies is B lymphocytes. In this study, our results first revealed that B cell-deficient mice could not produce antibodies specific for TI-Ags; however, mice with B cell deficiency could produce TD-Ag-specific antibodies, although antibody production was delayed compared with that in BALB/c mice after primary TD-Ag challenge. Subsequently, we identified that mouse lung epithelial cells could produce and secrete Ig, including IgM, IgA or IgG, which could display TD-Ag-specific antibody activity. Notably, the production of TD-Ag-specific antibodies by lung epithelial cells was found to be dependent on CD4+ T cells but not CD8+ T cells. Our findings indicate for the first time that B cells are not the only source of TD-Ag-specific antibodies but are essential for rapid TD-Ag-specific antibody production by non-B cells. This discovery may reveal a new mechanism for the production of specific antibodies.

immunology↗

bioRxiv2021

Ultrasound stimulation of the motor cortex during tonic muscle contraction

AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWTranscranial ultrasound stimulation (tUS) shows potential as a noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) technique, offering increased spatial precision compared to other NIBS techniques. However, its reported effects on primary motor cortex (M1) are limited. We aimed to better understand tUS effects in human M1 by performing tUS of the hand area of M1 (M1hand) during tonic muscle contraction of the index finger. Stimulation during muscle contraction was chosen because of the transcranial magnetic stimulation-induced phenomenon known as cortical silent period (cSP), in which transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of M1hand involuntarily suppresses voluntary motor activity. Since cSP is widely considered an inhibitory phenomenon, it presents an ideal parallel for tUS, which has often been proposed to preferentially influence inhibitory interneurons. Recording electromyography (EMG) of the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscle, we investigated effects on muscle activity both during and after tUS. We found no change in FDI EMG activity concurrent with tUS stimulation. Using single-pulse TMS, we found no difference in M1 excitability before versus after sparsely repetitive tUS exposure. Using acoustic simulations in models made from structural MRI of the participants that matched the experimental setups, we estimated in-brain pressures and generated an estimate of cumulative tUS exposure experienced by M1hand for each subject. We were unable to find any correlation between cumulative M1hand exposure and M1 excitability change. We also present data that suggest a TMS-induced MEP always preceded a near-threshold cSP.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2020

PD-L1 lncRNA splice promotes lung adenocarcinoma progression via enhancing c-Myc activity

Although blockade of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) to enhance T cell immune responses shows great promise in tumor immunotherapy, the efficacy of such immune-checkpoint inhibition strategy is limited for patients with solid tumors. The mechanism underlying the limited efficacy of PD-L1 inhibitors remains unclear. Here, we show that human lung adenocarcinoma, regardless of PD-L1 protein positive or negative, all produce a long non-coding RNA isoform of PD-L1 (PD-L1-lnc) via alternative splicing, which promotes lung adenocarcinoma proliferation and metastasis. PD-L1-lnc in various lung adenocarcinoma cells is significantly upregulated by IFN{gamma} in a manner similar to PD-L1 mRNA. Both in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate that PD-L1-lnc increases proliferation and invasion but decreases apoptosis of lung adenocarcinoma cells. Mechanistically, PD-L1-lnc directly binds to c-Myc and enhances c-Myc transcriptional activity downstream in lung adenocarcinoma cells. Our results provide targeting PD-L1-lnc-c-Myc axis as a novel strategy for lung cancer therapy.

cancer biology↗

bioRxiv2020

Saliva-Based Molecular Testing for SARS-CoV-2 that Bypasses RNA Extraction

Convenient, repeatable, large-scale molecular testing for SARS-CoV-2 would be a key weapon to help control the COVID-19 pandemic. Unfortunately, standard SARS-CoV-2 testing protocols are invasive and rely on numerous items that can be subject to supply chain bottlenecks, and as such are not suitable for frequent repeat testing. Specifically, personal protective equipment (PPE), nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs, the associated viral transport media (VTM), and kits for RNA isolation and purification have all been in short supply at various times during the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2 is spread through droplets and aerosols transmitted through person-to-person contact, and thus saliva may be a relevant medium for diagnosing SARS-CoV-2 infection status. Here we describe a saliva-based testing method that bypasses the need for RNA isolation/purification. In experiments with inactivated SARS-CoV-2 virus spiked into saliva, this method has a limit of detection of 500-1000 viral particles per mL, rivalling the standard NP swab method, and initial studies also show excellent performance with 100 clinical samples. This saliva-based process is operationally simple, utilizes readily available materials, and can be easily implemented by existing testing sites, thus allowing for high-throughput, rapid, and repeat testing of large populations. Graphical Abstract O_FIG_DISPLAY_L [Figure 1] M_FIG_DISPLAY C_FIG_DISPLAY

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2020

Immunoglobulin fragment F(ab')2 against RBD potently neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 in vitro

COVID-19 caused by the emerging human coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has become a global pandemic, leading a serious threat to human health. So far, there is none vaccines or specific antiviral drugs approved for that. Therapeutic antibodies for SARS-CoV-2, was obtained from hyper immune equine plasma in this study. Herein, SARS-CoV-2 RBD with gram level were obtained through Chinese hamster ovary cells high-density fermentation. The binding of RBD to SARS-CoV-2 receptor, human ACE2, was verified and the efficacy of RBD in vivo was tested on mice and then on horses. As a result, RBD triggered high-titer neutralizing antibodies in vivo, and immunoglobulin fragment F(ab)2 was prepared from horse antisera through removing Fc. Neutralization test demonstrated that RBD-specific F(ab)2 inhibited SARS-CoV-2 with EC50 at 0.07 g/ml, showing a potent inhibitory effect on SARS-CoV-2. These results highlights as RBD-specific F(ab)2 as therapeutic candidate for SARS-CoV-2.

pharmacology and toxicology↗

bioRxiv2020

Differential Expression and Interaction network construction of Noncoding RNA and mRNA in Heart Tissue associated with Tetralogy of Fallot

Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is still the most common and complicated cyanotic congenital heart defect of all congenital heart diseases with a 10% incidence. Surgery repair is often necessary in infancy. The etiology of TOF is complex and genetic and epigenetic mechanisms such as chromosomal abnormalities, gene mutations, nucleic acid modifications, non-coding RNA, and circular RNA(circRNA) play an important role in its occurrence. RNA not only plays an auxiliary role of genetic information carrier, but also plays a more important role in various regulatory functions. There are few studies on the action mechanism of non-coding RNA. Aim to gain more in-depth knowledge of TOF, we collected tissue samples of the right ventricular outflow tract of 5 TOF children with no other intracardiac and extracardiac malformations and 5 normal fetuses. We systematically analyzed the specific long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), microRNA(miRNA), circRNA and messenger RNA(mRNA) profiles of TOF. To our knowledge, there are no reports of genome-wide study of transcriptome in TOF and we first obtained meaningful differentially expressed lncRNAs, miRNAs, circle RNA and mRNAs.

genetics↗