Bacterial threat assessment of bacteriophage infection is mediated by intracellular polyamine accumulation and Gac/Rsm signaling
When eukaryotic cells are killed by pathogenic microorganisms, damage-associated and pathogen-associated signals are generated that alert other cells of nearby danger. Bacteria can detect the death of their kin; however, how bacteria make threat assessments of cellular injury is largely unexplored. Here we show that polyamines released by lysed bacteria serve as damage-associated molecules in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In response to exogenous polyamines, Gac/Rsm and cyclic-di-GMP signaling is activated and intracellular polyamine levels increase. In the absence of a threat, polyamines are catabolized, and intracellular polyamines return to basal levels, but cells infected by bacteriophage increase and maintain intracellular polyamine levels, which inhibits phage replication. Phage species not inhibited by polyamines did not trigger polyamine accumulation by P. aeruginosa, suggesting polyamine accumulation and metabolism are targets in the phage-host arms-race. Our results suggest that like eukaryotic cells, bacteria can differentiate damage-associated and pathogen-associated signals to make threat assessments of cellular injury. O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=112 SRC="FIGDIR/small/486733v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (34K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1f69334org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@13a4422org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@4f3edeorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@a86c43_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG