Biology subjects

Elsner, C.

Publications and source records attributed to Elsner, C..

6 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2021

A base-line cellular antiviral state is maintained by cGAS and its most frequent naturally occurring variant rs610913

Upon recognition of aberrantly located DNA, the innate immune sensor cGAS activates STING/IRF-3-driven antiviral responses. Here we characterized the ability of a specific variant of the cGAS-encoding gene MB21D1, rs610913, to alter cGAS-mediated DNA sensing and viral infection. rs610913 is a frequent G>T polymorphism resulting in a P261H exchange in the cGAS protein. Data from the International Collaboration for the Genomics of HIV suggested that rs610913 nominally associates with HIV-1 acquisition in vivo. Molecular modeling of cGAS(P261H) hinted towards the possibility for an additional binding site for a potential cellular co-factor in cGAS dimers. However, cGAS(WT) or cGAS(P261H)-reconstituted THP-1 cGAS KO cells shared steady-state expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), as opposed to cells expressing the enzymatically inactive cGAS(G212A/S213A). Accordingly, cGAS(WT) and cGAS(P261H) cells were less susceptible to lentiviral transduction and infection with HIV-1, HSV-1, and Chikungunya virus as compared to cGAS KO- or cGAS(G212A/S213A) cells. Upon DNA challenge, innate immune activation appeared to be mildly reduced upon expression of cGAS(P261H) compared to cGAS(WT). Finally, DNA challenge of PBMCs from donors homozygously expressing rs610913 provoked a trend towards a slightly reduced type I IFN response as compared to PBMCs from GG donors. Taken together, the steady-state activity of cGAS maintains a base-line antiviral state rendering cells more refractory to ISG-sensitive viral infections. Even though rs610913 failed to grossly differ phenotypically from the wild-type gene, its expression potentially results in a slightly altered susceptibility to viral infections in vivo.

immunology↗

bioRxiv2021

Size Matters: A Mechanistic Model of Nanoparticle Curvature Effects on Amyloid Fibril Formation

The aggregation of peptides into amyloid fibrils is linked to ageing-related diseases, such as Alzheimers disease and type 2 diabetes. Interfaces, particularly those with large nanostructured surface areas, can affect the kinetics of peptide aggregation, ranging from a complete inhibition to strong acceleration. While a number of physiochemical parameters determine interface effects, we here focus on the role of nanoparticle curvature for the aggregation of the amyloidogenic peptides A{beta}40, NNFGAIL, GNNQQNY and VQIYVK. Nanoparticles (NPs) provided a surface for peptide monomers to adsorb, enabling the nucleation into oligomers and fibril formation. High surface curvature, however, destabilized prefibrillar structures, providing an explanation for inhibitory effects on fibril growth. Thioflavin T (ThT) fluorescence assays as well as dynamic light scattering (DLS), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and electron microscopy experiments revealed NP size-dependent effects on amyloid fibril formation, with differences between the peptides. While 5 nm gold NPs (AuNP-5) retarded or inhibited the aggregation of most peptides, larger 20 nm gold NPs (AuNP-20) tended to accelerate peptide aggregation. Molecular dynamics (MD) studies demonstrated that NPs ability to catalyze or inhibit oligomer formation was influenced by the oligomer stability at curved interfaces which was lower at more highly curved surfaces. Differences in the NP effects for the peptides resulted from the peptide properties (size, aggregation propensity) and concomitant surface binding affinities. The results can be applied to the design of future nanostructured materials for defined applications.

biochemistry↗

bioRxiv2021

Interferon-α subtype treatment induces the repression of SRSF1 in HIV-1 target cells and affects HIV-1 post integration steps

Efficient replication of HIV-1 depends on balanced levels of host cell components, including cellular splicing factors. Type I interferons (IFN-I), playing a crucial role in the innate immune defense against viral infections, are well known to induce the transcription of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) including potent host restriction factors. Not so well known is, that IFN-repressed genes (IRepGs) also affect viral infections by downregulating host dependency factors that are essential for viral replication. So far, knowledge about IRepGs involved in HIV-1 infection is very limited. Here, we demonstrate that expression levels of the serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 1 (SRSF1) were repressed upon treatment with IFN subtypes in HIV-1 susceptible cell lines as well as primary cells. Furthermore, we could demonstrate in two independent patient cohorts that HIV-1 infection and the concomitant inflammation during the acute and chronic phase, resulted in the strong induction of ISGs, but at the same time significantly repressed SRSF1. 4sU-labeling of newly transcribed mRNAs revealed that IFN-mediated repression of SRSF1 originated from a transcriptional shutdown. Experimental downregulation as well as overexpression of SRSF1 expression levels resulted in crucial changes in HIV-1 LTR-transcription, alternative splice site usage and virus production. While lower SRSF1 levels resulted in low vif mRNA levels and thus severely reduced viral infectivity, higher levels of SRSF1 impaired LTR-Tat-activity and HIV-1 particle production. Our data highlight the so far undescribed role of SRSF1 acting as an IFN-repressed cellular dependency factor decisively regulating HIV-1 post integration steps. Author SummaryIFN-I play a central role in the innate immune defense against viral infections by regulating the expression of interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) and interferon repressed genes (IRepGs). The stimulation of host restriction factors and the reduction of host dependency factors decisively affects the efficiency of HIV-1 replication. After the stable integration of the provirus into the host chromosome, HIV-1 exploits the host cell transcription and splicing machinery for its replication. A network of conserved splice sites and splicing regulatory elements maintain balanced levels of viral transcripts essential for virus production and immune evasion. We demonstrate the so far undescribed role of the splicing factor SRSF1 as an IRepG crucially involved in HIV-1 RNA processing. In HIV-1 infected individuals, we observed inversely proportional expression of high ISG15 and low SRSF1 levels, which were restored in ART treated patients. We could demonstrate, that IFN-I stimulation of HIV-1 target cells resulted in a significant repression of SRSF1 RNA and protein levels. Since low SRSF1 expression decisively reduced HIV-1 vif mRNA levels, a severe impairment of viral replication was observed in APOBEC3G expressing cells. As overexpression negatively affected HIV-1 LTR transcription and virus production, balanced levels of SRSF1 are indispensable for efficient replication.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2021

Differential interferon-α subtype immune signatures suppress SARS-CoV-2 infection

Type I interferons (IFN-I) exert pleiotropic biological effects during viral infections, balancing virus control versus immune-mediated pathologies and have been successfully employed for the treatment of viral diseases. Humans express twelve IFN-alpha () subtypes, which activate downstream signalling cascades and result in distinct patterns of immune responses and differential antiviral responses. Inborn errors in type I IFN immunity and the presence of anti-IFN autoantibodies account for very severe courses of COVID-19, therefore, early administration of type I IFNs may be protective against life-threatening disease. Here we comprehensively analysed the antiviral activity of all IFN subtypes against SARS-CoV-2 to identify the underlying immune signatures and explore their therapeutic potential. Prophylaxis of primary human airway epithelial cells (hAEC) with different IFN subtypes during SARS-CoV-2 infection uncovered distinct functional classes with high, intermediate and low antiviral IFNs. In particular IFN5 showed superior antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Dose-dependency studies further displayed additive effects upon co-administered with the broad antiviral drug remdesivir in cell culture. Transcriptomics of IFN-treated hAEC revealed different transcriptional signatures, uncovering distinct, intersecting and prototypical genes of individual IFN subtypes. Global proteomic analyses systematically assessed the abundance of specific antiviral key effector molecules which are involved in type I IFN signalling pathways, negative regulation of viral processes and immune effector processes for the potent antiviral IFN5. Taken together, our data provide a systemic, multi-modular definition of antiviral host responses mediated by defined type I IFNs. This knowledge shall support the development of novel therapeutic approaches against SARS-CoV-2.

cell biology↗

bioRxiv2021

Comparable environmental stability and disinfection profiles of the currently circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern B.1.1.7 and B.1.351

The emergence of novel SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants of concern with increased transmission dynamics has raised questions regarding stability and disinfection of these viruses. In this study, we analyzed surface stability and disinfection of the currently circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 compared to the wildtype. Treatment with heat, soap and ethanol revealed similar inactivation profiles indicative of a comparable susceptibility towards disinfection. Furthermore, we observed comparable surface stability on steel, silver, copper and face masks. Overall, our data support the application of currently recommended hygiene concepts to minimize the risk of B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 transmission.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2020

Glycyrrhizin effectively neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 in vitro by inhibiting the viral main protease

The newly emerged coronavirus, which was designated as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the COVID-19 disease. High effective and well-tolerated medication for hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients is urgently needed. Traditional herbal medicine substances were discussed as promising candidates for the complementary treatment of viral diseases and recently suggested for the treatment of COVID-19. In the present study, we investigated aqueous licorice root extract for its neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro, identified the active compound glycyrrhizin and uncovered the respective mechanism of viral neutralization. We demonstrated that glycyrrhizin, the primary active ingredient of the licorice root, potently neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 by inhibiting the viral main protease. Our experiments highlight glycyrrhizin as a potential antiviral compound that should be further investigated for the treatment of COVID-19.

molecular biology↗