Adaptative and ancient co-evolution of integrons with Xanthomonas genomes
Integrons are genetic elements that facilitate gene acquisition. They have been extensively studied in clinical bacteria, but their evolutionary role in phytopathogens remains underexplored. Here, we analysed complete genomes of Xanthomonas species to investigate the origin, distribution, and functional dynamics of integrons in this genus. We found that 93% of genomes harboured integrons. The integron-integrase gene intI was predominantly located downstream of ilvD, indicating an ancestral acquisition of integrons, predating diversification within the genus. Phylogenetic analyses support vertical inheritance of intI, with the exception of rare horizontal gene transfer events, notably in X. arboricola. Despite their widespread presence, full-length intI genes and active integron platforms are only retained in some species, especially X. campestris, which shows high integron gene cassette variability and functional integron activity. In contrast, species such as X. cissicola and X. phaseoli exhibit widespread intI inactivation, likely occurring early in their divergence, leading to more stable cassette arrays and conserved integron-associated phenotypes. The number and diversity of genes within cassette arrays varied significantly by species and, to a lesser extent, by the ecological context of plant host cultivation. While most cassettes encoded proteins without a known function, those with annotated roles were associated with stress response mechanism, competitive exclusion, and plant-associated functions. Together, our findings demonstrate that integrons in Xanthomonas likely originated from a single ancient acquisition event, preceding genus-wide speciation, and have co-evolved with Xanthomonas pathovars as they adapted to distinct plant hosts. IMPACT STATEMENTThis study provides the first comprehensive genus-wide analysis of integron evolution and dynamics in Xanthomonas, a globally distributed and versatile plant pathogen. Integrons are genetic platforms that allow horizontal transfer of genes. They are well characterised in human pathogens where they mediate transfer of antibiotic resistance genes, but little is known about their role in plant associated bacteria. We showed that in Xanthomonas the integron platform was ancestrally acquired, yet integrons have undergone repeated lineage-specific inactivation events. Despite widespread erosion of integron activity, some species such as X. campestris maintain robust and functionally diverse integrons that continue to shape genome plasticity. Notably, high cassette diversity, combined with the presence of rare and often uncharacterized genes within these arrays (some potentially involved in environmental sensing or host interaction) suggest that integrons may serve as reservoirs of adaptive potential. Our findings reshape current views of integron function beyond antibiotic resistance and highlight their long-term role in microbial evolution, niche adaptation, and genome innovation in plant-associated bacteria. DATA SUMMARYThe authors confirm all supporting data, code and protocols have been provided within the article or through supplementary data files. Accession numbers of the genomes analysed in this manuscript are listed in Table S1.