Biology subjects

Eisenberg, D. S.

Publications and source records attributed to Eisenberg, D. S..

15 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2024

How short peptides can disassemble ultra-stable tau fibrils extracted from Alzheimers disease brain by a strain-relief mechanism

Reducing fibrous aggregates of protein tau is a possible strategy for halting progression of Alzheimers disease (AD). Previously we found that in vitro the D-peptide D-TLKIVWC disassembles tau fibrils from AD brains (AD-tau) into benign segments with no energy source present beyond ambient thermal agitation. This disassembly by a short peptide was unexpected, given that AD-tau is sufficiently stable to withstand disassembly in boiling SDS detergent. To consider D peptide-mediated disassembly as a potential therapeutic for AD, it is essential to understand the mechanism and energy source of the disassembly action. We find assembly of D-peptides into amyloid-like fibrils is essential for tau fibril disassembly. Cryo-EM and atomic force microscopy reveal that these D-peptide fibrils have a right-handed twist and embrace tau fibrils which have a left-handed twist. In binding to the AD-tau fibril, the oppositely twisted D-peptide fibril produces a strain, which is relieved by disassembly of both fibrils. This strain-relief mechanism appears to operate in other examples of amyloid fibril disassembly and provides a new direction for the development of first-in-class therapeutics for amyloid diseases.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2022

Structural polymorphism of amyloid fibrils in cardiac ATTR amyloidosis revealed by cryo-electron microscopy

The deposition of amyloidogenic transthyretin (ATTR) in ATTR amyloidosis leads to an unexplained variety of clinical phenotypes, including cardiomyopathy. In brain amyloid conditions, there is an apparent association between the clinical phenotype and the amyloid fibril structure. Here, we question this phenotype-structure association in cardiac amyloidoses by determining the cryo-electron microscopy structures of fibrils extracted from the hearts of seven ATTR amyloidosis patients. We found that, in contrast to brain fibrils, cardiac ATTR fibrils display a structural polymorphism that is not genotype-specific, can co-exist within the same individual, and is independent of the cardiac phenotype. This polymorphism challenges the current paradigm of "one disease equals one fibril fold" proposed in tauopathies and synucleinopathies, and questions whether a similar structural heterogeneity occurs in other amyloidoses. One-Sentence SummaryUnlike brain amyloid fibrils, cardiac ATTR fibrils are polymorphic independent of genotype and even within the same patient.

molecular biology↗

bioRxiv2022

Amyloid fibrils in frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 inclusions are composed of TMEM106B, rather than TDP-43

FTLD is the third most common neurodegenerative condition, following only Alzheimers and Parkinsons diseases. FTLD typically presents in 45-64-year-olds with behavioral changes or progressive decline of language skills. The subtype FTLD-TDP is characterized by certain clinical symptoms and pathological neuronal inclusions detected by TDP-43 immunoreactivity. Here, we extracted amyloid fibrils from brains of four patients, representing four out of five FTLD-TDP subclasses and determined their near-atomic resolution structures by cryo-EM. Unexpectedly, all amyloid fibrils examined are composed of a 135-residue C-terminal fragment of TMEM106B, a lysosomal membrane protein previously implicated as a genetic risk factor for FTLD-TDP. In addition to TMEM106B fibrils, abundant non-fibrillar aggregated TDP-43 is present, as revealed by immunogold labeling. Our observations confirm that FTLD-TDP is an amyloid-involved disease and suggest that amyloid involvement in FTLD-TDP is of protein TMEM106B, rather than of TDP-43.

molecular biology↗

bioRxiv2022

Cryo-EM structure of RNA-induced tau fibrils reveals a small C-terminal core that may nucleate fibril formation

In neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimers and ALS, proteins that bind RNA are found in aggregated forms in autopsied brains. Evidence suggests that RNA aids nucleation of these pathological aggregates; however, the mechanism has not been investigated at the level of atomic structure. Here we present the 3.4 [A] resolution structure of fibrils of full-length recombinant tau protein in the presence of RNA, determined by electron cryo-microscopy (cryoEM). The structure reveals the familiar in-register cross-{beta} amyloid scaffold, but with a small fibril core spanning residues Glu391 to Ala426, a region disordered in the fuzzy coat in all previously studied tau polymorphs. RNA is bound on the fibril surface to the positively charged residues Arg406 and His407 and runs parallel to the fibril axis. The fibrils dissolve when RNAse is added, showing that RNA is necessary for fibril integrity. While this structure cannot exist simultaneously with the tau fibril structures extracted from patients brains, it could conceivably account for the nucleating effects of RNA cofactors followed by remodeling as fibrils mature. Significance statementApplication of cryoEM has greatly expanded our understanding of atomic structures of mature pathological amyloid fibrils, but little is known at the molecular level of the initiation of fibril formation. RNA has been shown to be one cofactor for formation of fibrils of tau protein, and is known also to bind to other proteins, including TDP-43, FUS, and HNRNPA2, which form pathological inclusions. Our cryoEM structure of recombinant tau protein with RNA reveals a 36 residue, C-terminal fibril core bound to RNA which runs parallel to the fibril axis. We speculate that this structure could represent an early step in the formation of tau fibrils.

biophysics↗

bioRxiv2021

The SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein preferentially binds long and structured RNAs

The SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein (NCAP) functions in viral RNA genome packaging, virion assembly, RNA synthesis and translation, and regulation of host immune response. RNA-binding is central to these processes. Little is known how NCAP selects its binding partners in the myriad of host and viral RNAs. To address this fundamental question, we employed electrophoresis mobility shift and competition assays to compare NCAP binding to RNAs that are of SARS-CoV-2 vs. non-SARS-CoV-2, long vs. short, and structured vs. unstructured. We found that although NCAP can bind all RNAs tested, it primarily binds structured RNAs, and their association suppresses strong interaction with single-stranded RNAs. NCAP prefers long RNAs, especially those containing multiple structures separated by single-stranded linkers that presumably offer conformational flexibility. Additionally, all three major regions of NCAP bind RNA, including the low complexity domain and dimerization domain that promote formation of NCAP oligomers, amyloid fibrils and liquid-liquid phase separation. Combining these observations, we propose that NCAP-NCAP interactions that mediate higher-order structures during packaging also drive recognition of the genomic RNA and call this mechanism recognition-by-packaging. This study provides a biochemical basis for understanding the complex NCAP-RNA interactions in the viral life cycle and a broad range of similar biological processes. HIGHLIGHTSO_LINCAP primarily binds structured RNAs. C_LIO_LINCAP prefers multiple RNA structures separated by single-stranded linkers. C_LIO_LINCAP favors binding to long RNAs. C_LI

biochemistry↗

bioRxiv2020

The prevalence and distribution in genomes of low-complexity, amyloid-like, reversible, kinked segment (LARKS), a common structural motif in amyloid-like fibrils

Membraneless Organelles (MLOs) are vital and dynamic reaction centers in cells that organize metabolism in the absence of a membrane. Multivalent interactions between protein Low-Complexity Domains (LCDs) contribute to MLO organization. Our previous work used computational methods to identify structural motifs termed Low-complexity Amyloid-like Reversible Kinked Segments (LARKS) that can phase-transition to form hydrogels and are common in human proteins that participate in MLOs. Here we searched for LARKS in proteomes of six model organisms: Homo sapiens, Drosophila melanogaster, Plasmodium falciparum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Escherichia coli. We find LARKS are abundant in M. tuberculosis, D. melanogaster, and H. sapiens, but not in S. cerevisiae or P. falciparum. Abundant LARKS require high glycine content, which enables kinks to form in LARKS as is illustrated in the known LARKS-rich amyloid structures of TDP43, FUS, and hnRNPA2, three proteins that participate in MLOs. These results support the idea of LARKS as an evolved structural motif and we offer the LARKSdb webserver which permits users to search for LARKS in their protein sequences of interest.

biochemistry↗

bioRxiv2020

CryoEM reveals how the small molecule EGCG binds to AD brain-derived tau fibrils and initiates fibril disaggregation

EGCG, the most abundant favanol in green tea, is one of the few natural compounds known to inhibit amyloid fibril formation of proteins associated with neurodegeneration, and to disaggregate amyloid fibrils. Little is known of the mechanism of molecular action of EGCG, or how it or other small molecules interact with amyloid fibrils. Here we present a 3.9 [A] resolution cryoEM structure that reveals the site of EGCG binding to Alzheimers disease (AD) brain-derived tau fibrils. The structure suggests that EGCG disaggregates fibrils of AD-tau by wedging into a cleft that is at the interface of two protofilaments of the paired helical filament, and by causing charge repulsions between tau layers of the fibril. In support of this, we observe separation of the protofilaments that EGCG wedges between, and accompanying displacement of the adjacent {beta}-helix domain. By resolving the site of EGCG binding, our structure defines a pharmacophore-like cleft in the AD-tau fibril that will be of use for the discovery of surrogate compounds with more desirable drug-like properties.

biochemistry↗

bioRxiv2020

Cryo-EM structure and inhibitor design of human IAPP (amylin) fibrils

Human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP, or amylin) is a 37 amino acid hormone secreted by pancreatic islet {beta}-cells. Aggregation of hIAPP into amyloid fibrils is found in more than 90% of Type-II Diabetes (T2D) patients and is considered to be associated with T2D pathology. Although different models have been proposed, the high resolution structure of hIAPP fibrils is unknown. Here we report the cryo-EM structure of recombinant full-length hIAPP fibrils. The fibril is composed of two symmetrically-related protofilaments with ordered residues 14-37 that meet at a 14-residue central hydrophobic core. Our hIAPP fibril structure (i) supports the previous hypothesis that residues 20-29, especially 23-29 are the primary amyloid core of hIAPP, (ii) suggests a molecular mechanism for the action of the hIAPP hereditary mutation S20G, (iii) explains why the 6 residue substitutions in rodent IAPP prevent aggregation, and (iv) suggests possible regions responsible for the observed hIAPP cross-seeding with {beta}-amyloid. Furthermore, we performed structure-based inhibitor design to generate potential hIAPP aggregation inhibitors via a capping strategy. Four of the designed candidates delay hIAPP aggregation in vitro, providing a starting point for the development of T2D therapeutics and proof-of-concept that the capping strategy can be used on full-length cryo-EM fibril structures.

biochemistry↗

bioRxiv2020

The cryoEM structure of the fibril-forming low-complexity domain of hnRNPA2 reveals distinct differences from pathogenic amyloid and shows how mutation converts it to the pathogenic form

hnRNPA2 is one of a group of human ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) involved in RNA metabolism which form fibrils both under cellular stress and in mutated form in neurodegenerative conditions. Previous work established that the C-terminal low-complexity domain (LCD) of hnRNPA2 fibrillizes under stress, and that missense mutations in this domain are found in the disease multisystem proteinopathy (MSP) with symptoms indistinguishable from ALS and FTD. However, little is known at the atomic level about the hnRNPA2 LCD structure that is involved in those processes and how disease mutations cause structural change. Here we present the cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM) structure of hnRNPA2 LCD fibril core and demonstrate its capability to form a reversible hydrogel in vitro containing amyloid-like fibrils. Whereas these fibrils, like pathogenic amyloid, are formed from protein chains stacked into {beta}-sheets by backbone hydrogen bonds, they display distinct structural differences: the chains are kinked, enabling non-covalent cross-linking of fibrils and disfavoring formation of pathogenic steric zippers. Both their reversibility and energetic calculations suggest these fibrils are less stable than pathogenic amyloid. Moreover, the crystal structure of the disease-mutation-containing segment of hnRNPA2 suggests that the replacement fundamentally alters the fibril structure to a more stable energetic state. These findings illuminate how molecular interactions promote protein fibril networks and how mutation can transform fibril structure from functional to pathogenic form.

molecular biology↗

bioRxiv2019

The α-synuclein hereditary mutation E46K unlocks a more stable, pathogenic fibril structure

Aggregation of -synuclein is a defining molecular feature of Parkinsons disease, Lewy Body Dementia, and Multiple Systems Atrophy. Hereditary mutations in -synuclein are linked to both Parkinsons disease and Lewy Body Dementia; in particular, patients bearing the E46K disease mutation manifest a clinical picture of parkinsonism and Lewy Body Dementia, and E46K creates more pathogenic fibrils in vitro. Understanding the effect of these hereditary mutations on -synuclein fibril structure is fundamental to -synuclein biology. We therefore determined the cryoEM structure of -synuclein fibrils containing the hereditary E46K mutation. The 2.5 [A] structure reveals a symmetric double protofilament in which the molecules adopt a vastly re-arranged, lower energy fold compared to wild-type fibrils. We propose that the E46K misfolding pathway avoids electrostatic repulsion between K46 and K80, a residue pair which forms the E46-K80 salt-bridge in the wild-type fibril structure. We hypothesize that under our conditions the wild-type fold does not reach this deeper energy well of the E46K fold because the E46-K80 salt bridge diverts -synuclein into a kinetic trap - a shallower, more accessible energy minimum. The E46K mutation apparently unlocks a more stable and pathogenic fibril structure. Significance StatementParkinsons is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative condition, leading to movement disorders, and dementia in some cases. Because of the strong association of this condition with amyloid aggregates of the protein -synuclein, structural understanding of these amyloid aggregates may be the path to eventual therapies. Our study of the structure of a variant -synuclein inherited in families afflicted with a clinical picture of parkinsonism and Lewy Body Dementia supplements recent structures of the wild type structure, and shows how a single residue change can result in a greatly changed structure that may underlie the inherited form of the disease.

biochemistry↗

bioRxiv2019

The inhibition of cellular toxicity of amyloid-beta by dissociated transthyretin

The protective effect of transthyretin (TTR) on cellular toxicity of amyloid-beta (A{beta}) has been previously reported. TTR is a tetrameric carrier of thyroxine in blood and cerebrospinal fluid, whose pathogenic aggregation causes systemic amyloidosis. In contrast, many reports have shown that TTR binds amyloid-beta (A{beta}), associated with Alzheimers disease, alters its aggregation, and inhibits its toxicity both in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we question whether TTR amyloidogenic ability and its anti-amyloid inhibitory effect are associated. Our results indicate that the dissociation of the TTR tetramer, required for its amyloid pathogenesis, is also necessary to prevent cellular toxicity from A{beta} oligomers. These findings suggest that the A{beta} binding site of TTR may be hidden in its tetrameric form. Aided by computational docking and peptide screening, we identified a TTR segment that is capable of altering A{beta} aggregation and toxicity, mimicking TTR cellular protection. This segment inhibits A{beta} oligomer formation and also promotes the formation of non-toxic, non-amyloid, amorphous aggregates which are more sensitive to protease digestion. This segment also inhibits seeding of A{beta} catalyzed by A{beta} fibrils extracted from the brain of an Alzheimers patient. Our results suggest that mimicking the inhibitory effect of TTR with peptide-based therapeutics represents an additional avenue to explore for the treatment of Alzheimers disease. Significance statementThe pathological landmarks of Alzheimers disease are the formation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Amyloid plaques contain fibrous structures made of aggregated amyloid-beta (A{beta}). In 1982, Shirahama and colleagues observed the presence of transthyretin (TTR) in these plaques. TTR is a tetrameric protein whose aggregation causes transthyretin amyloidosis. However, TTR protects A{beta} from aggregating and causing toxicity to neurons. In this study, we show that the dissociation of TTR tetramers is required to inhibit cellular toxicity caused by A{beta}. In addition, we identified a minimum segment of TTR that inhibits A{beta} aggregation and cellular toxicity by the formation of amorphous aggregates that are sensitive to proteases, similar to the natural effect of TTR found by others in vivo.

biochemistry↗

bioRxiv2019

Cryo-EM structures of alpha-synuclein fibrils with the H50Q hereditary mutation reveal new polymorphs

Abstract\n\nDeposits of amyloid fibrils of -synuclein are the histological hallmarks of Parkinsons disease, multiple system atrophy, and dementia with Lewy bodies. Although most cases of these diseases are sporadic, autosomal-dominant hereditary mutations have been linked to Parkinsons disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. Seeing the changes to the structure of amyloid fibrils bearing these mutations may help to understand these diseases. To this end, we determined the cryo-EM structures of -synuclein fibrils containing the H50Q hereditary mutation. We find that the H50Q mutation results in two new polymorphs of -synuclein, which we term Narrow and Wide Fibrils. Both polymorphs recapitulate the conserved kernel formed by residues 50-77 observed in wild-type structures; however, the Narrow and Wide Fibrils reveal that H50Q disrupts a key interaction between H50-E57 on the opposing protofilament, abolishing the extensive protofilament interface formed by preNAC residues in the wild-type \"rod\" structure. Instead, the Narrow Fibril is formed from a single protofilament and the two protofilaments of the Wide protofilament are held together by only a pair of atoms - the C{gamma} atoms from the two threonine 59 sidechains. Further, we find that H50Q forms an intramolecular hydrogen bond with K45 leading to the formation of a novel {beta}-arch formed by residues 36-46 that features an extensive hydrogen-bond network between Y39, T44, and E46. The structures of the H50Q polymorphs help to rationalize the faster aggregation kinetics, higher seeding capacity in biosensor cells, and greater cytotoxicity we observe for H50Q compared to wild-type -synuclein.

biochemistry↗

bioRxiv2019

Cryo-EM Structures of Four Polymorphic TDP-43 Amyloid Cores

Summary ParagraphTDP-43 is an essential DNA/RNA processing protein that undergoes both functional and pathogenic aggregation. Functional TDP-43 aggregates are reversible, forming transient species such as nuclear bodies, stress granules, and myo-granules1-3. In contrast pathogenic TDP-43 aggregates are irreversible, forming stable intracellular amyloid-like inclusions4,5. These inclusions are the primary pathology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 inclusions (FTLD-TDP)6. Disease-associated, hereditary mutations in TDP-43 are known to accelerate the deposition of irreversible aggregates in the cytoplasm7. Reversible TDP-43 aggregation has been shown to precede the formation of irreversible amyloid fibrils similar to the behavior of proteins hnRNPA1 and FUS8-10. Still unknown, however, are the structural features of TDP-43 fibrils that confer both reversibility and irreversibility and how hereditary mutations can impose irreversible aggregation. Here, we determined the structures of amyloid fibrils formed by two segments previously reported to be the pathogenic cores of TDP-43 aggregation7,11,12; these are termed SegA (residues 311-360) and SegB A315E (residues 286-331 containing the ALS hereditary mutation A315E). SegA forms three polymorphs, all with dagger-shaped folds. SegB forms R-shaped folds. All four polymorphs have folds confined to two dimensions, and are stabilized by hydrophobic cores and peripheral hydrogen bonds. Energetic analysis suggests that the dagger-shaped polymorphs are examples of the irreversible fibril structures of TDP-43, whereas the SegB polymorph may participate in both reversible and irreversible fibril structure. Our structure suggests how the A315E mutation may convert this polymorph to the irreversible type and lead to mutation-enhanced pathology.

biochemistry↗

bioRxiv2018

Identification of two principal amyloid-driving segments in variable domains of Ig light chains in AL amyloidosis

Systemic light chain amyloidosis (AL) is a disease caused by overexpression of monoclonal immunoglobulin light chains that form pathogenic amyloid fibrils. These amyloid fibrils deposit in tissues and cause organ failure. Proteins form amyloid fibrils when they partly or fully unfold and expose segments capable of stacking into {beta}-sheets that pair forming a tight, dehydrated interface. These structures, termed steric zippers, constitute the spines of amyloid fibrils. Here, we identify segments within the variable domains of Ig light chains that drive the assembly of amyloid fibrils in AL. We demonstrate there are at least two such segments. Each one can drive amyloid fibril assembly independently of the other. Thus these two segments are therapeutic targets. In addition to elucidating the molecular pathogenesis of AL, these findings also provide an experimental approach to identify segments that drive fibril formation in other amyloid diseases.

biochemistry↗

bioRxiv2017

Low-complexity domains adhere by reversible amyloid-like interactions between kinked β-sheets

Control of metabolism by compartmentation is a widespread feature of higher cells. Recent studies have focused on dynamic intracellular bodies such as stress granules, P-bodies, nucleoli, and metabolic puncta. These bodies appear as separate phases, some containing reversible, amyloid-like fibrils formed by interactions of low-complexity protein domains. Here we report five atomic structures of segments of low-complexity domains from granule-forming proteins, one determined to 1.1 [A] resolution by micro-electron diffraction. Four of these interacting protein segments show common characteristics, all in contrast to pathogenic amyloid: kinked peptide backbones, small surface areas of interaction, and predominate attractions between aromatic side-chains. By computationally threading the human proteome on three of our kinked structures, we identified hundreds of low-complexity segments potentially capable of forming such reversible interactions. These segments are found in proteins as diverse as RNA binders, nuclear pore proteins, keratins, and cornified envelope proteins, consistent with the capacity of cells to form a wide variety of dynamic intracellular bodies.\n\nOne Sentence SummaryAtomic structures show transient membraneless organelles of cells formed by a new type of protein interaction akin to pathogenic amyloid fibrils.

biochemistry↗