Biology subjects

Edelmann, W.

Publications and source records attributed to Edelmann, W..

7 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2026

A mammalian-specific domain of MSH5 drives the transition from crossover licensing to designation during meiotic prophase I

SUMMARYMeiotic recombination initiates with DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) repaired as either crossovers (COs) or non-crossovers. Across eukaryotes, MSH4/MSH5 (MutS{gamma}) licenses DSB repair intermediates, directing repair into the class I CO pathway via recruitment of MLH1/MLH3 (MutL{gamma}). In mammals, excess MutS{gamma} sites relative to final MutL{gamma} foci suggest additional MutS{gamma} functions, including directing repair through the minor class II CO pathway. We investigated the role of a mammalian-specific 38-amino acid C-terminal domain of MSH5 using mice lacking this domain (Msh5{Delta}C/{Delta}C). Spermatocytes and oocytes load MSH4 normally to achieve CO licensing in zygonema, but these numbers decline precipitously in pachynema, leading to dramatically reduced MutL{gamma} foci and associated pro-CO factors HEI10 and CNTD1. Despite this, licensing factors RNF212B and MutS{gamma}-associated kinase CDK4 remain persistently upregulated in pachynema. Strikingly, the switch from licensing-associated CDK4 to CO-site-associated CDK2 fails to occur in Msh5{Delta}C/{Delta}C mice, even at residual class I CO events. The result is rapid germ cell death prior to prophase I completion in both sexes. Thus, the loss of the MSH5 C-terminus functionally uncouples the regulatory proteins that define the stepwise patterning of class I COs. Our findings reveal novel early roles for the C-terminus of mammalian MSH5 in converting licensed DSB repair intermediates to designated class I COs.

genetics↗

bioRxiv2024

Negative Selection Allows DNA Mismatch Repair-Deficient Mouse Fibroblasts In Vitro to Tolerate High Levels of Somatic Mutations

Substantial numbers of somatic mutations have been found to accumulate with age in different human tissues. Clonal cellular amplification of some of these mutations can cause cancer and other diseases. However, it is as yet unclear if and to what extent an increased burden of random mutations can affect cellular function without clonal amplification. We tested this in cell culture, which avoids the limitation that an increased mutation burden in vivo typically leads to cancer. We performed single-cell whole-genome sequencing of primary fibroblasts from DNA mismatch repair (MMR) deficient Msh2-/- mice and littermate control animals after long-term passaging. Apart from analyzing somatic mutation burden we analyzed clonality, mutational signatures, and hotspots in the genome, characterizing the complete landscape of somatic mutagenesis in normal and MMR-deficient mouse primary fibroblasts during passaging. While growth rate of Msh2-/-fibroblasts was not significantly different from the controls, the number of de novo single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) increased linearly up until at least 30,000 SNVs per cell, with the frequency of small insertions and deletions (INDELs) plateauing in the Msh2-/- fibroblasts to about 10,000 INDELS per cell. We provide evidence for negative selection and large-scale mutation-driven population changes, including significant clonal expansion of preexisting mutations and widespread cell-strain-specific hotspots. Overall, our results provide evidence that increased somatic mutation burden drives significant cell evolutionary changes in a dynamic cell culture system without significant effects on growth. Since similar selection processes against mutations preventing organ and tissue dysfunction during aging are difficult to envision, these results suggest that increased somatic mutation burden can play a causal role in aging and diseases other than cancer.

genomics↗

bioRxiv2023

A CAG repeat threshold for therapeutics targeting somatic instability in Huntington's disease

The Huntingtons disease mutation is a CAG repeat expansion in the huntingtin gene that results in an expanded polyglutamine tract in the huntingtin protein. The CAG repeat is unstable, and expansions of hundreds of CAGs have been detected in Huntingtons disease post-mortem brains. The age of disease onset can be predicted partially from the length of the CAG repeat as measured in blood. Onset age is also determined by genetic modifiers, which in six cases involve variation in DNA mismatch repair pathways genes. Knocking-out specific mismatch repair genes in mouse models of Huntingtons disease prevents somatic CAG repeat expansion. Taken together, these results have led to the hypothesis that somatic CAG repeat expansion in Huntingtons disease brains is required for pathogenesis. Therefore, the pathogenic repeat threshold in brain is longer than (CAG)40, as measured in blood, and is currently unknown. The mismatch repair gene MSH3 has become a major focus for therapeutic development, as unlike other mismatch repair genes, nullizygosity for MSH3 does not cause malignancies associated with mismatch repair deficiency. Potential treatments targeting MSH3 currently under development include gene therapy, biologics and small molecules, which will be assessed for efficacy in mouse models of Huntingtons disease. The zQ175 knock-in model carries a mutation of approximately (CAG)185 and develops early molecular and pathological phenotypes that have been extensively characterised. Therefore, we crossed the mutant huntingtin allele onto heterozygous and homozygous Msh3 knock-out backgrounds to determine the maximum benefit of targeting Msh3 in this model. Ablation of Msh3 prevented somatic expansion throughout the brain and periphery, and reduction of Msh3 by 50% decreased the rate of expansion. This had no effect on the deposition of huntingtin aggregation in the nuclei of striatal neurons, nor on the dysregulated striatal transcriptional profile. This contrasts with ablating Msh3 in knock-in models with shorter CAG repeat expansions. Therefore, further expansion of a (CAG)185 repeat in striatal neurons does not accelerate the onset of molecular and neuropathological phenotypes. It is striking that highly expanded CAG repeats of a similar size in humans cause disease onset before 2 years of age, indicating that somatic CAG repeat expansion in the brain is not required for pathogenesis. Given that the trajectory for somatic CAG expansion in the brains of Huntingtons disease mutation carriers is unknown, our study underlines the importance of administering treatments targeting somatic instability as early as possible.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2021

Role of EXO1 nuclease activity in genome maintenance, the immune response and tumor suppression in Exo1D173A mice

DNA damage response pathways rely extensively on nuclease activity to process DNA intermediates. Exonuclease 1 (EXO1) is a pleiotropic evolutionary conserved DNA exonuclease involved in various DNA repair pathways, replication, antibody diversification, and meiosis. But, whether EXO1 facilitates these DNA metabolic processes through its enzymatic or scaffolding functions remains unclear. Here we dissect the contribution of EXO1 enzymatic versus scaffolding activity by comparing Exo1DA/DA mice expressing a proven nuclease-dead mutant form of EXO1 to entirely EXO1-deficient Exo1-/- and EXO1 wild type Exo1+/+ mice. We show that Exo1DA/DA and Exo1-/- mice are compromised in canonical DNA repair processing, suggesting that the EXO1 enzymatic role is important for error-free DNA mismatch and double-strand break repair pathways. However, in non-canonical repair pathways, EXO1 appears to have a more nuanced function. Next-generation sequencing of heavy chain V region in B cells showed the mutation spectra of Exo1DA/DA mice to be intermediate between Exo1+/+ and Exo1-/- mice, suggesting that both catalytic and scaffolding roles of EXO1 are important for somatic hypermutation. Similarly, while overall class switch recombination in Exo1DA/DA and Exo1-/- mice was comparably defective, switch-switch junction analysis suggests that EXO1 might fulfill an additional scaffolding function downstream of class switching. In contrast to Exo1-/- mice that are infertile, meiosis progressed normally in Exo1DA/DA and Exo1+/+ cohorts, indicating that a structural but not the nuclease function of EXO1 is critical for meiosis. However, both Exo1DA/DA and Exo1-/- mice displayed similar mortality and cancer predisposition profiles. Taken together, these data demonstrate that EXO1 has both scaffolding and enzymatic functions in distinct DNA repair processes and suggest a more composite and intricate role for EXO1 in DNA metabolic processes and disease.

cancer biology↗

bioRxiv2019

Molecular structures and mechanisms of DNA break processing in mouse meiosis

Exonucleolytic resection, critical to repair double-strand breaks (DSBs) by recombination, is not well understood, particularly in mammalian meiosis. Here, we define structures of resected DSBs in mouse spermatocytes genome-wide at nucleotide resolution. Resection tracts averaged 1100 nucleotides, but with substantial fine-scale heterogeneity at individual hotspots. Surprisingly, EXO1 is not the major 5'[->]3' exonuclease, but the DSB-responsive kinase ATM proved a key regulator of both initiation and extension of resection. In wild type, apparent intermolecular recombination intermediates clustered near to but offset from DSB positions, consistent with joint molecules with incompletely invaded 3' ends. Finally, we provide evidence for PRDM9-dependent chromatin remodeling leading to increased accessibility at recombination sites. Our findings give insight into the mechanisms of DSB processing and repair in meiotic chromatin.

molecular biology↗

bioRxiv2019

Single-cell whole-genome sequencing reveals mutational landscapes of DNA mismatch repair deficiency in mouse primary fibroblasts

DNA Mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency is a major cause of hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer, and is also associated with increased risk of several other cancers. This is generally ascribed to the role of MMR in avoiding mutations by correcting DNA replication errors. In MMR knockout mice very high frequencies of somatic mutations, up until 100-fold of background, have been reported. However, these results have been obtained using bacterial reporter transgenes, which are not representative for the genome overall, and mutational patterns of MMR deficiency remain largely unknown. To fill this knowledge gap, we performed single-cell whole-genome sequencing of lung fibroblasts of Msh2-/- and wild-type mice. We observed a 4-fold increase of somatic single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in the fibroblasts of Msh2-/- mice compared to those of wild-type mice. The SNV signature of Msh2 deficiency was found to be driven by C>T and T>C transitions. By comparing it to human cancer signatures, we not only confirmed the inferred MMR-deficiency-related etiology of several cancer signatures but also suggested that MMR deficiency is likely the cause of a cancer signature with its etiology previously unknown. We also observed a 7-fold increase of somatic small insertions and deletions (INDELs) in the Msh2-/- mice. An elevated INDEL frequency has also been found in human MMR-related cancers. INDELs and SNVs distributed differently across genomic features in the Msh2-/- and control cells, with evidence of selection pressure and repair preference. These results provide insights into the landscape of somatic mutations in normal somatic cells caused by MMR deficiency.\n\nSignificanceOur results show that MMR deficiency in the mouse is associated with a much lower elevation of somatic mutation rates than previously reported and provides the first MMR whole-genome mutational landscapes in normal somatic cells in vivo.

genomics↗

bioRxiv2019

Mutation of the ATPase domain of MutS homolog-5 (MSH5) reveals a requirement for a functional MutSγ complex for all crossovers in mammalian meiosis

During meiosis, induction of DNA double strand breaks (DSB) leads to recombination between homologous chromosomes, resulting in crossovers (CO) and non-crossovers (NCO). Only 10% DSBs resolve as COs, mostly through a class I pathway dependent on MutS{gamma} (MSH4/ MSH5). Class II CO events represent a minor proportion of the total CO count and also arise from DSBs, but are not thought to involve MutS{gamma}. However, loading of MutS{gamma} occurs very early in prophase I at a frequency that far exceeds the final number of class I COs found in late prophase I. Moreover, loss of MutS{gamma} in mouse results in apoptosis before CO formation, preventing analysis of its CO function. We generated a mutation in the ATP binding domain of Msh5 (Msh5GA). While this mutation was not expected to affect MutS{gamma} complex formation, MutS{gamma} foci do not accumulate during prophase I. Nevertheless, while some spermatocytes from Msh5-/- animals progress into pachynema, most spermatocytes from Msh5GA/GA mice progress to late pachynema and beyond. Some spermatocytes from Msh5GA/GA mice complete prophase I entirely, allowing for the first time an assessment of MSH5 function in CO formation. At pachynema, Msh5GA/GA spermatocytes show persistent DSBs, incomplete homolog pairing, and fail to accumulate MutL{gamma} (MLH1/MLH3). Unexpectedly, Msh5GA/GA diakinesis-staged spermatocytes have no chiasmata at all from any CO pathway, indicating that a functional MutS{gamma} complex in early prophase I is a pre-requisite for all COs. ARTICLE SUMMARYMSH4/MSH5 are critical components of the class I crossover (CO) machinery, which is responsible for >90% of the COs that arise in mammalian meiosis. We generated a point mutation in the ATP binding motif of Msh5, and found that mutant spermatocytes lose all COs, not just those arising from the class I pathway.

genetics↗