Topological action potentials in engineered tissues
Due to the nonlinear current-voltage relations of ion channels, an interface between two tissues can have very different bioelectrical properties compared to either tissue on its own. Here we show experimentally that gap junction-coupled interfaces between non-excitable tissues can be electrically excitable. This topologically protected excitability occurs over a far larger range of ion channel expression levels than does excitability in the bulk. Topological excitations at tissue interfaces can cause local elevations in calcium concentration, possibly providing a bioelectrical mechanism for interface sensing. As in condensed matter physics, topological excitations in electrophysiology constitute a distinct class of phenomena which may show exotic and novel properties.