Biology subjects

Douce, G.

Publications and source records attributed to Douce, G..

7 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2026

Bacterial histone-like proteins released during antibiotic treatment mediate vascular injury in meningococcal sepsis.

Vascular injury and coagulopathy are key drivers of mortality in bacterial sepsis. In Neisseria meningitidis infection, endothelial adhesion and thrombosis cause the characteristic petechial rash and, in the most severe cases, purpura fulminans. Although antibiotics rapidly kill bacteria, inflammation and vascular injury often persist or worsen after bacterial clearance, suggesting ongoing toxicity from released bacterial components. Here we identify bacterial histone-like proteins (HLPs), small positively charged DNA-binding proteins conserved across bacterial species, as previously unrecognized mediators of vascular damage. In vitro HLPs are released following antibiotic exposure, disrupting endothelial integrity. In patients with severe sepsis, they are detectable in plasma and tissue, colocalising with areas of vascular leak and coagulopathy. Non-anticoagulant heparins and anti-HLP antibodies neutralize HLP-induced endothelial disruption and toxicity in vitro and in vivo. These findings reveal HLPs as antibiotic-released bacterial toxins and suggest new therapeutic strategies to prevent vascular injury in sepsis. One sentence summaryAntibiotic treatment of meningococcal and other sepsis causative bacteria triggers the release of histone-like proteins (HLPs) that damage the endothelium and drive coagulopathy, but these effects can be neutralized by non-anticoagulant heparins or anti-HLP antibodies.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2025

Inhibition of systemic mammalian metabolism by carnitine mimics from the gut microbiota

BackgroundThe gut microbiota and microbiome-derived metabolites are implicated in various aspects of human health. Here we sought to determine the systemic effects, and mechanism of action, of microbiome-derived carnitine analogues in germ free and conventionally colonised mice. ResultsHere we report the systemic localization of the microbiome-derived carnitine analogues, 3-methyl-4-(trimethylammonio)butanoate (3M-4-TMAB) and 5-aminovalerate betaine (5-AVAB), post-administration to germ free mice, with systemic carnitine depletion and mitochondrial dysregulation, reflected in altered acylcarnitine profiles due to incomplete carnitine-mediated fatty acid oxidation. Studies on the inhibitory potency of 3M-4-TMAB at the enzymatic, cellular, and organism levels indicate that, in part, this is a result of inhibition of gammabutyrobetaine hydroxylase, which catalyses the final step in carnitine biosynthesis. Systemic administration of 13C- labelled 3M-4-TMAB to conventionally colonised animals to further investigate the physiological relevance of this inhibition, identified a significant reduction in systemic carnitine levels due to increased excretion in urine and faeces and disruption of carnitine-mediated metabolism across ten organs. ConclusionsThese results highlight the physiological relevance and significance of microbiome-derived metabolites in vivo. The depletion of carnitine and inhibition of its function have potentially long-term impacts on both mammalian energy generation and the protective, signalling and immune regulatory effects of this critical molecule.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2022

An intact S-layer is advantageous to Clostridioides difficile within the host.

Clostridioides difficile is responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality in antibiotically-treated, hospitalised, elderly patients, in which toxin production correlates with diarrhoeal disease. While the function of these toxins has been studied in detail, the contribution of other factors, including the paracrystalline surface layer (S-layer), to disease is less well known. Here, we highlight the essentiality of the S-layer in vivo by reporting the recovery of S-layer revertants, following infection with the S-layer-null strain, FM2.5. Sequencing of the slpA gene revealed either correction of the original point mutation or modification of the sequence upstream of the mutation, which restored the reading frame, and translation of slpA. Selection of these strains was rapid, with up to 90% of isolates identified as revertants 24 h post infection. Two revertant isolates, RvA and RvB, showed modification of 3 and 13 amino acids respectively, compared to wild type sequence. Structural determination of SlpA from RvB revealed a different orientation of its domains, resulting in a reorganisation of the lattice assembly and changes in interacting interfaces which might result in functional differences. These revertants showed differing patterns of disease in vivo; RvA causing equivalent severity to R20291 and RvB an attenuated FM2.5-like phenotype. Comparative RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis of in vitro grown isolates showed large changes in differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between R20291 and FM2.5 namely in TcdA/TcdB expression, in transcripts associated with sporulation and those linked to cell wall integrity, which may account for attenuation observed in vivo. In comparison, smaller differences were observed between RvA/R20291, and RvB/FM2.5 respectively, which correlated with observed disease severity in vivo. Cumulatively, these data highlight that the S-layer plays a role in C. difficile disease. Author SummaryThe S-layer of C. difficile is a paracrystalline array that covers the outer surface of the bacterial cell but its contribution to overall disease remains unclear. A previously described, spontaneous slpA-null mutant, FM2.5, with a point mutation in slpA offered an opportunity to study the role of the S-layer in vivo. Here, we confirm that this strain is less virulent in vivo despite effectively colonising the host and producing toxin. We also show in vivo selection for sequence modifications that restore slpA translation and produce an S-layer. While such modifications do not affect the overall 3D structure of individual SlpA (sub)domains, they can lead to altered orientation of the structural domains and subsequent S-layer assembly. Importantly, RNA-Seq analysis in vitro showed large differences in gene expression between FM2.5 and R20291. Detected differences in transcription of genes involved in toxin expression and sporulation suggests that the S-layer provides a selective survival advantage within the host, which contributes to disease severity.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2021

Dissemination and pathogenesis of toxigenic Clostridium perfringens strains linked to neonatal intensive care units and Necrotising Enterocolitis

BackgroundClostridium perfringens is an anaerobic toxin-producing bacterium that has long been associated with intestinal diseases, particularly in neonatal humans and animals. More recently, infant gut microbiome studies have suggested an important link between C. perfringens and the devastating preterm-associated disease Necrotising Enterocolitis (NEC), but in-depth studies on this pathogen (genomics and mechanistic) are lacking. Methods/MaterialsWe isolated and whole-genome sequenced 274 infant-associated C. perfringens isolates from 5 hospitals across the UK between 2011-2016 (including longitudinal samples from 31 individuals). We performed in-depth genomic analyses, phenotypically characterised pathogenic traits of 10 strains (including 4 C. perfringens from NEC patients) and established a novel oral-challenge C57BL/6 mouse infection model for microbe-host studies. ResultsPore-forming toxin encoding genes pfoA and cpb2 were enriched within hypervirulent lineages that exclusively consisted of C. perfringens-associated NEC (CPA-NEC) strains, in addition to overabundance of colonisation factors. Importantly, we identified a circulating C. perfringens variant, eventually linked to a fatal CPA-NEC case. The variant was detected consistently within 6 individuals in two sister hospitals across a 40-day window, demonstrating for the first time the intra- and inter-hospital dissemination of C. perfringens. CPA-NEC isolates were determined phenotypically to be more virulent (linked with overabundance of gene pfoA) than isolates obtained from non-NEC preterm babies. In addition, two pfoA-positive CPA-NEC C. perfringens strains were confirmed to induce clinical inflammatory tissue lesions in vivo. ConclusionsHypervirulent lineages are linked to CPA-NEC, potentially due to the production of pore-forming toxins, coupled with higher metabolic, transmission, and pathogenic capacities. These studies indicate C. perfringens is an important bacterial pathogen in preterm infants and highlights the requirement for further investigation into development of intervention and therapeutic strategies.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2021

Insights into the regulatory mechanisms of Clostridioides difficile biofilm formation

Mucosal biofilms play an important role in intestinal health; however, the mucosal bacterial community has been implicated in persistent infections. Clostridioides difficile is an important nosocomial pathogen, with an unacceptable high rate of recurrence following antibiotic treatment. As C. difficile is a known biofilm producer, a property which may contribute to this suboptimal therapeutic response, we have investigated the transcriptional changes and regulatory pathways during the transition from planktonic to biofilm mode of growth. Widespread metabolic reprogramming during biofilm formation was detected, characterised by an increased usage of glycine metabolic pathways to yield key metabolites, which are used for energy production and synthesis of short chain fatty acids. We detected the expression of 107 small non-coding RNAs that appear to, in some part, regulate these pathways; however, 25 of these small RNAs were specifically expressed during biofilm formation, indicating they may play a role in regulating biofilm-specific genes. Similar to Bacillus subtilis, biofilm formation is a multi-regulatory process and SinR negatively regulates biofilm formation independently of other known mechanisms. This comprehensive analysis furthers our understanding of biofilm formation in C. difficile, identifies potential targets for anti-virulence factors, and provides evidence of the link between metabolism and virulence traits.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2021

The duration of antibiotic treatment is associated with carriage of toxigenic and atoxigenic strains of Clostridioides difficile in dogs.

Clostridioides difficile is a leading cause of human antibiotic-associated diarrhoeal disease globally. Zoonotic reservoirs of infection are increasingly suspected to play a role in the emergence of this disease in the community and dogs are considered as one potential source. Here we use a canine case-control study at a referral veterinary hospital in Scotland to assess: i) the risk factors associated with carriage of C. difficile by dogs, ii) whether carriage of C. difficile is associated with clinical disease in dogs and iii) the similarity of strains isolated from dogs with local human clinical surveillance. The overall prevalence of C. difficile carriage in dogs was 18.7% (95% CI 14.8-23.2%, n=61/327) of which 36% (n=22/61) were toxigenic strains. We found risk factors related to prior antibiotic treatment were significantly associated with C. difficile carriage by dogs. However, the presence of toxigenic strains of C. difficile in a canine faecal sample was not associated with diarrhoeal disease in dogs. Active toxin was infrequently detected in canine faecal samples carrying toxigenic strains (2/11 samples). Both dogs in which active toxin was detected had no clinical evidence of gastrointestinal disease. Among the ten toxigenic ribotypes of C. difficile detected in dogs in this study, six of these (012, 014, 020, 026, 078, 106) were ribotypes commonly associated with human clinical disease in Scotland, while atoxigenic isolates largely belonged to 010 and 039 ribotypes. Whilst C. difficile does not appear commonly associated with diarrhoeal disease in dogs, antibiotic treatment increases carriage of this bacteria including toxigenic strains commonly found in human clinical disease.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2018

A role for tetracycline selection in the evolution of Clostridium difficile PCR-ribotype 078

Farm animals have been identified as reservoirs of Clostridium difficile PCR-ribotype 078 (RT078). Since 2005, the incidence of human clinical cases (frequently severe), with this genotype has increased. We aimed to understand this change, by studying the recent evolutionary history of RT078. Phylogenetic analysis of international genomes (isolates from 2006-2014) revealed several recent clonal expansions. A common ancestor of each expansion had independently acquired different alleles of the tetracycline resistance gene tetM. Consequently, an unusually high proportion of RT078 genomes were tetM positive (76.5%). Additional tetracycline resistance determinants were also identified, some for the first time in C. difficile (efflux pump tet40). Each tetM-clonal expansion lacked geographic structure, indicating rapid international spread. Resistance determinants for C. difficile-infection-triggering antimicrobials including fluoroquinolones and clindamycin were comparatively rare in RT078. Tetracyclines are used intensively in agriculture; this selective pressure, plus rapid spread via the food-chain may explain the increased RT078 prevalence in humans.

microbiology↗