Biology subjects

Dinesh Kumar, N.

Publications and source records attributed to Dinesh Kumar, N..

4 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2026

Immune-competent apical out airway organoids reveal distinct antiviral strategies of macrophages, neutrophils, and monocytes during influenza infection

The respiratory mucosa is the primary entry site for influenza virus and early antiviral immunity is governed there by interactions between epithelial cells and innate immune cells. However, mechanistic insight into these interactions in a human context is limited. Here, we established an immune-competent apical-out human airway organoid model that enables direct epithelial infection and controlled integration of innate immune cells. The organoids recapitulate key features of the human upper airway epithelium and support productive influenza virus replication. Using defined co-cultures, we uncovered distinct innate immune functions: macrophages suppress viral replication and restrict epithelial spread via production of type I and III interferons; neutrophils reduce extracellular virus levels without limiting epithelial infection, consistent with antiviral clearance mechanisms independent of interferon signaling; and monocytes exert modest, transient antiviral effects. Together, we use a human-relevant platform to define how distinct innate immune cells shape mucosal immunity at the respiratory epithelium, with direct implications for antiviral and vaccine development. Graphical Abstract O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=171 SRC="FIGDIR/small/729766v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (41K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@612404org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@183aff0org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@93df5forg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@2de4a1_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2021

Cooperativity of catalytic and lectin-like domain of T. congolense trans-sialidase modulates its catalytic activity

Trans-sialidases (TS) represent a multi-gene family of unusual enzymes, which catalyse the transfer of terminal sialic acids from sialoglycoconjugates to terminal galactose or N-acetylgalactosamine residues of oligosaccharides without the requirement of CMP-Neu5Ac, the activated Sia used by typical sialyltransferases. Most work on trypanosomal TS has been done on enzymatic activities of TS from T. cruzi (causing Chagas disease in Latin America), subspecies of T. brucei, (causing human sleeping sickness in Africa) and T. congolense (causing African Animal Trypanosomosis in livestock). Previously, we demonstrated that T. congolense TS (TconTS) lectin domain (LD) binds to several carbohydrates, such as 1,4-{beta}-mannotriose. To investigate the influence of TconTS-LD on enzyme activities, we firstly performed in silico analysis on structure models of TconTS enzymes. Findings strongly supports the potential of domain swaps between TconTS without structural disruptions of the enzymes overall topologies. Recombinant domain swapped TconTS1a/TS3 showed clear sialidase and sialic acid (Sia) transfer activities, when using fetuin and lactose as Sia donor and acceptor substrates, respectively. While Sia transfer activity remained unchanged from the level of TconTS1a, hydrolysis was drastically reduced. Presence of 1,4-{beta}-mannotriose during TS reactions modulates enzyme activities favouring trans-sialylation over hydrolysis. In summary, this study provides strong evidence that TconTS-LDs play pivotal roles in modulating enzyme activity and biological functions of these and possibly other TS, revising our fundamental understanding of TS modulation and diversity.

biochemistry↗

bioRxiv2021

Moxidectin and ivermectin inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication in Vero E6 cells but not in human primary airway epithelium cells

Antiviral therapies are urgently needed to treat and limit the development of severe COVID-19 disease. Ivermectin, a broad-spectrum anti-parasitic agent, has been shown to have anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity in Vero cells at a concentration of 5 {micro}M. These in vitro results triggered the investigation of ivermectin as a treatment option to alleviate COVID-19 disease. In April 2021, the World Health Organization stated, however, the following: "the current evidence on the use of ivermectin to treat COVID-19 patients is inconclusive". It is speculated that the in vivo concentration of ivermectin is too low to exert a strong antiviral effect. Here, we performed a head-to head comparison of the antiviral activity of ivermectin and a structurally related, but metabolically more stable, moxidectin in multiple in vitro models of SARS-CoV-2 infection, including physiologically relevant human respiratory epithelial cells. Both moxidectin and ivermectin exhibited antiviral activity in Vero E6 cells. Subsequent experiments revealed that the compounds predominantly act on a step after virus cell entry. Surprisingly, however, in human airway-derived cell models, moxidectin and ivermectin failed to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection, even at a concentration of 10 {micro}M. These disappointing results calls for a word of caution in the interpretation of anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of drugs solely based on Vero cells. Altogether, these findings suggest that, even by using a high-dose regimen of ivermectin or switching to another drug in the same class are unlikely to be useful for treatment against SARS-CoV-2 in humans.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2020

Resveratrol And Pterostilbene Potently Inhibit SARS-CoV-2 Infection In Vitro

The current COVID-19 pandemic is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and has an enormous impact on human health and economy. In search for therapeutic options, researchers have proposed resveratrol, a food supplement with known antiviral, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties as an advantageous antiviral therapy for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here, we provide evidence that both resveratrol and its metabolically more stable structural analog, pterostilbene, exhibit potent antiviral properties against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. Resveratrol and pterostilbene showed antiviral activity in African green monkey kidney cells and in human primary bronchial epithelial cells cultured in an air-liquid interface system. Both compounds actively inhibit virus replication within infected cells as reduced virus progeny production was observed when the compound was added at post-inoculation conditions. Without replenishment of the compound, antiviral activity was observed up to roughly 5 rounds of replication, demonstrating the long-lasting effect of these compounds. Collectively, our data indicate that resveratrol and pterostilbene are promising antiviral compounds to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection. Because these results represent laboratory findings in cells, we advocate evaluation of these compounds in clinical trials before statements are made whether or not these drugs are advantageous for COVID-19 treatment.

microbiology↗