Tracing SARS-CoV-2 Evolution in Algeria: Insights from 2020-2023
SARS-CoV-2 continues to circulate globally, leading to the emergence of new viral sublineages. This study examined 449 full-length genomic sequences from Algeria (March 2020 to May 2023) to explore SARS-CoV-2 evolution in this region. Our analysis revealed multiple introductions of viral strains, which were marked by significant genomic changes over time. Algeria-specific mutations were identified, providing insights into regional adaptations and evolutionary dynamics. Furthermore, a statistically significant recombination event was detected using the RDP 5 software. EPI_ISL_15920753 was recombinant, whereas EPI_ISL_15790700 and EPI_ISL_12156732 constituted the major and minor parents, respectively. Notably, haplotype analysis revealed 179 distinct haplotypes, including a highly connected node (H91) associated with a superspreading event later in the pandemic (July-September 2022), suggesting rapid transmission likely driven by mobile individuals and large gatherings. These findings emphasize the ongoing evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in local settings and highlight the importance of genomic surveillance for tracking emerging mutations and their potential impact. ImportanceBridging a critical gap in North African genomic surveillance, this study presents the first comprehensive evolutionary analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in Algeria using a significantly larger dataset of 449 sequences, a substantial increase from the only previous study of 29 genomes conducted at the onset of the pandemic. Our results provide essential insights into how the virus was introduced, disseminated, and adapted within the country, thereby guiding regional public health initiatives and supplying important data for global comprehension of the evolution of SARS-CoV-2.