Rad52 Acts as an Assembly Chaperone to Form and Stabilize Rad51 Filaments Through a Large C-Terminus 85-Residue Segment
Homologous recombination (HR) is essential for the repair of DNA double-strand breaks and the restart of stalled replication forks. A critical step in HR is the formation of Rad51 nucleofilaments, which perform homology search and strand invasion of a homologous DNA sequence required for repair synthesis. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Rad52 facilitates Rad51 nucleofilament formation by mediating Rad51 loading onto ssDNA and counteracting the dissociation of Rad51 filaments by the DNA translocase Srs2. The molecular basis of these two Rad52 functions remains unclear. Our integrative structural analyses of the Rad51-Rad52 interaction, combining NMR, SAXS, and modeling, reveal that an 85-residue segment of Rad52, conserved in fungi, folds upon binding to a broad surface of a Rad51 monomer. Notably, it includes an FxxA motif conserved in the BRC repeats of BRCA2 and at the Rad51-Rad51 interface. This binding mode was validated through an extensive set of mutations. Using in vivo assays and a functional fluorescent GFP-Rad51 fusion protein, we demonstrated that this entire segment is critical for Rad51 filament formation. These findings highlight how Rad52 functions as an assembly chaperone, preventing Rad51 oligomerization, promoting nucleation of Rad51 nucleofilaments on ssDNA, and protecting Rad51 filaments from destabilization by Srs2.