A quantitative approach to measure and predict microbiome response to antibiotics
BackgroundAlthough antibiotics induce sizable perturbations in the human microbiome, we lack a systematic and quantitative method to measure and predict the microbiomes response to specific antibiotics. Here, we introduce such a method, which takes the form of a Microbiome Response Index (MiRIx) for each antibiotic. Antibiotic-specific MiRIx values quantify the overall susceptibility of the microbiota to an antibiotic, based on databases of bacterial phenotypes and published data on intrinsic antibiotic susceptibility. ResultsWe applied our approach to five published microbiome studies that carried out antibiotic interventions with vancomycin, metronidazole, ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin, and doxycycline. We show how MiRIx can be used in conjunction with existing microbiome analytical approaches to gain a deeper understanding of the microbiome response to antibiotics. Finally, we generate antibiotic response predictions for the oral, skin, and gut microbiome in healthy humans. ConclusionsOur approach is implemented as open-source software and is readily applied to microbiome data sets generated by 16S rRNA marker gene sequencing or shotgun metagenomics.