Biology subjects

DE MEEUS, T.

Publications and source records attributed to DE MEEUS, T..

4 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2026

Population genetic structure and connectivity of Glossina palpalis gambiensis and G. morsitans submorsitans in Southwestern Senegal

In sub-Saharan Africa, human and animal health is threatened by African trypanosomoses. These diseases are caused by trypanosomes that are transmitted primarily by tsetse flies. Vector control remains one of the most effective strategies for reducing disease transmission, but requires a minimum level of knowledge of the population biology, ecology and dispersal patterns of the targeted vectors. In this respect, population genetic approaches using appropriate polymorphic genetic markers can provide valuable tools to inform and optimize control strategies. Senegal is currently engaged in a national tsetse control programme and has been identified as a study country within a European Union-funded research initiative, COMBAT (controlling and progressively minimizing the burden of animal trypanosomosis). Baseline entomological studies are currently underway in the Sine Saloum (Southern Senegal). This preliminary study aimed to characterize the population genetic structure and connectivity of tsetse fly species present in Southern Senegal, Glossina palpalis gambiensis and G. morsitans submorsitans, in order to assess their population sizes (geographically and demographically), population densities and dispersal capacities. The two species exhibited markedly contrasting population structures. The first, G. p. gambiensis, displayed an isolation by distance with rather dense subpopulations exchanging immigrants at short distances (1.6 km/generation) and continuously from Sine-Saloum to Casamance, in line with the apparent continuity of the mangrove network found along this coast. In contrast, G. m. submorsitans presented a relatively dense population over a 75 km wide area, fragmented into sparsely distributed, very dense and interconnected pockets. These findings indicate that G. p. gambiensis likely constitutes a large metapopulation comprising 3266 effective individuals on average (and up to 7765), whereas G. m. submorsitans appeared as a single and large population, scattered in small pockets that could be readily replenished by immigrants from distant areas in case of control. These results suggest that elimination is not a realistic option for any of these two populations. Alternatively, localized integrated pest management is likely to be the most effective approach for controlling the negative effects of these biting flies on domestic animals, by reducing trypanosome transmission. However, further entomological investigations and the use of more informative genetic markers are needed to obtain a more precise understanding of the epidemiological processes involved.

ecology↗

bioRxiv2025

Development of microsatellite markers with the SSR-seq method on Glossina palpalis gambiensis, and G. p. palpalis, and analysis of corresponding field samples from three sleeping sickness foci: Boffa, Dubreka (Guinea), and Bonon (Cote d'Ivoire).

Tsetse flies are strictly found is sub-Saharan Africa where they are responsible for the transmission and maintenance of African trypanosomiases in humans (HAT) and animals (AAT). Vector control has been recognized as an essential tool to fight against these diseases. Nevertheless, it requires the best possible knowledge of the biology of the targeted population. Population genetics tools can prove very useful to obtain such information but require the use of polymorphic and reliable genetic markers. In this paper we present the development of microsatellite markers using a new high-throughput sequencing based technology (SSRseq). We applied it on two species of tsetse flies from three HAT foci and obtained more accurate results as compared to microsatellite loci developed with classic methods. We could indeed use 9 to 14 SSRseq loci without the several problems generally met with classic microsatellites, as all were located in autosomes, without short allele dominance or stuttering and very few null alleles. SSRseq loci appeared much more polymorphic in tsetse flies as compared to other species (fungi, trees, bees, or fishes), which suggested much higher effective population sizes, much higher mutation rates of the genome or both, suggesting high capacities for evolutionary adaptation. With the 9-14 loci kept, we confirmed the propensity of these flies to move almost freely in the whole zones investigated, and also highlighted the possible evolutionary response of one of the unkept loci regarding vector control devices used in these HAT foci, which will require further studies. We suggest for further population structure studies to use only loci with less than 1% missing data, which proved being a good and fast selection strategy to get the most reliable results.

genomics↗

bioRxiv2025

Trypanosoma brucei from pigs in sleeping sickness foci from Cote Ivoire is structured into clonal and strongly subdivided populations

Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), or sleeping sickness, is currently targeted for elimination. The etiologic agent of HAT is a trypanosome belonging to the species Trypanosoma brucei (Tb) s.l., a unicellular parasite transmitted by tsetse flies. Tb s.l. consists of three subspecies: T. b. brucei (Tbb), T. b. gambiense (Tbg) and T. b. rhodesiense (Tbr). These subspecies are morphologically indistinguishable and classified according to host in which they are found, type of disease and geographical distribution. During the last few decades, there has been considerable effort to genetically characterize Tb s.l. isolated from domestic and wild animals in order to better evaluate the impact of animal reservoirs on the epidemiology of HAT. To assess genetic diversity of Tb s.l. strains circulating in three endemic or historical HAT foci in Cote Ivoire, we conducted a population genetics study of these parasites. Biological and isolated stock samples collected from pigs and reference stocks were tested with the primers of the Trypanosoma gambiense-specific-glycoprotein gene (TgsGP) and were genetically characterized with eighteen microsatellite primers. TgsGP positive samples did not fit into Tbg as regard to their microsatellite profile. We also found that in Ivoirian foci, Tbb populations (animal trypanosomes) were structured as several strongly isolated units that propagate clonally. This is in variance with other published data on that subspecies. This study confirms the need to develop better tools to explore the relationships between Tbb and Tbg and to study the epidemiological role of potential animal reservoir for Tbg.

genetics↗

bioRxiv2023

Population genetics of Glossina palpalis gambiensis in the sleeping sickness focus of Boffa (Guinea) before and after eight years of vector control: no effect of control despite a significant decrease of human exposure to the disease

Human African trypanosomosis (HAT), also known as sleeping sickness, is still a major concern in endemic countries. Its cyclical vector are biting insects of the genus Glossina or tsetse flies. In Guinea, the mangrove ecosystem contains the main HAT foci of Western Africa. There, the cyclical vector is Glossina palpalis gambiensis. A still ongoing vector control campaign (VCC) started in 2011 in the focus of Boffa, using tiny targets, with a 79% tsetse density reduction in 2016 and significant impact on the prevalence of the disease (from 0.3% in 2011 to 0.11% in 2013, 0.0352% in 2016 and 0.0097% in 2019). To assess the sustainability of these results, we have studied the impact of this VCC on the population biology of G. p. gambiensis in Boffa. We used the genotyping at 11 microsatellite markers and population genetic tools of tsetse flies from different sites and at different dates before and after the beginning of the VCC. In variance with a significant impact of VCC on the apparent densities of flies captured in the traps deployed, the global population of G. p. gambiensis displayed no variation of the sex-ratio, no genetic signature of control, and behaved as a very large population occupying the entire zone. This implies that targets deployment efficiently protected the human populations locally, but did not impact tsetse flies where targets cannot be deployed and where the main tsetse population exploits available resources. We thus recommend the pursuit of vector control measures with the same strategy, through the joint effect of VCC and medical surveys and treatments, in order to protect human populations from HAT infections until the disease can be considered as entirely eradicated from the focus.

evolutionary biology↗