Dynamic representation of taste-related decisions in the gustatory insular cortex of mice
Research over the past decade has established the gustatory insular cortex (GC) as a model for studying how primary sensory cortices integrate multiple sensory, affective and cognitive signals. This integration occurs through time varying patterns of neural activity. Selective silencing of GC activity during specific temporal windows provided evidence for GCs role in mediating taste palatability and expectation. Recent results also suggest that this area may play a role in decision making. However, existing data are limited to GC involvement in controlling the timing of stereotyped, orofacial reactions to aversive tastants during consumption. Here we present electrophysiological, chemogenetic and optogenetic results demonstrating the key role of GC in the execution of a taste-guided, reward-directed decision making task. Mice were trained in a taste-based, two-alternative choice task, in which they had to associate tastants sampled from a central spout with different actions (i.e., licking either a left or a right spout). Stimulus sampling and action were separated by a delay period. Electrophysiological recordings of single units revealed chemosensory processing during the sampling period and the emergence of task-related, cognitive signals during the delay period. Chemogenetic silencing of GC impaired task performance. Optogenetic silencing of GC allowed us to tease apart the contribution of activity during the sampling and the delay periods. While silencing during the sampling period had no effect, silencing during the delay period significantly impacted behavioral performance, demonstrating the importance of the cognitive signals processed by GC during this temporal window in driving decision making. Altogether, our data highlight a novel role of GC in controlling taste-guided, reward-directed choices and actions.