Cretton, M. | bioRxiv Science

bioRxiv2026

AWET -- Arthropod Weight Estimation Tool

Arthropods drive essential ecosystem processes such as pollination, decomposition, and nutrient cycling and are widely used as indicators of ecosystem condition and function. Among various arthropod-derived metrics, body weight is a key variable in functional ecology and frequently assessed as dry body weight. However, drying arthropod specimens limits the samples future potential for research, as it prevents further processing such as trait measurements or species identification. Here, we present AWET (Arthropod Weight Estimation Tool), an open-source application for automated estimation of individual fresh body weight and extraction of morphometric measurements from standardized images of pre-sorted arthropod samples. AWET combines automated image analysis with taxon-specific allometric regression models to estimate fresh body weight while simultaneously quantifying body length, width, area, and specimen abundance. The software operates with standard imaging equipment, requires no machine-learning-based classification or segmentation, and allows users to define taxonomic groupings according to their objectives. By preserving specimens for downstream analyses while processing large numbers of individuals within milliseconds, AWET provides an efficient, non-destructive, and cost-effective workflow for high-throughput arthropod phenotyping. The software is a practical and expandable tool for biodiversity monitoring projects investigating changes in arthropod biomass, abundance and individual morphometric measures.

ecology↗

bioRxiv2025

The GTPase ARFA1 interactor Cullin 3 Substrate-adaptor Protein 1 (CSP1) positively modulates nodulation

Legume plants have the capacity to incorporate atmospheric nitrogen by establishing an endosymbiotic interaction with soil bacteria resulting in the formation of nitrogen-fixing nodules. Bacteria are internalized through a tightly regulated process that requires membrane remodelling and vesicle trafficking, which are controlled by small GTPases. Members of the ARF family of GTPases mediate vesicle budding in a wide range of biological processes; however, the modulation of ARF members, their subcellular localization and the formation of complexes with other proteins during the root nodule symbiosis has not been investigated. Here, to identify proteins that physically interact with MtARFA1, a yeast two hybrid screening was performed using a cDNA library of Medicago truncatula roots inoculated with Sinorhizobium meliloti. One of the identified MtARF1 interactors is a protein that possesses a BTB/POZ domain. BTB/POZ domains are present in substrate-specific adaptors that form complexes with the Ubiquitin ligase E3 Cullin3 (CUL3), thus the interactor was designated as M. truncatula CUL3 substrate-adaptor protein 1 (MtCSP1). Physical interaction between MtARF1 and MtCSP1 was verified in planta by co-immunopurification assays and bimolecular fluorescence complementation, revealing that the interaction takes place in vesicles of the late endosome. The MtCSP1 promoter is active in lateral roots and in the meristem of indeterminate nodules. Phenotypic analysis of transgenic roots with altered mRNA levels of MtCSP1 evidenced the requirement of this gene for the progression of rhizobial infection and nodule organogenesis. This work establishes a link between small GTPases and protein degradation by the ubiquitin system in the context of the nitrogen-fixing symbiosis. Significant statementSmall GTPases are molecular switches required for rhizobial infection in the root-nodule symbiosis; however, little is known about how their levels are regulated during this process. We identified a substrate-adaptor protein that interacts with ARFA1, connecting this monomeric GTPase with protein degradation via ubiquitination during the activation of the genetic programs of symbiosis: rhizobial infection and nodule organogenesis.

plant biology↗