Demographic change in an iconic dolphin population driven by habitat degradation following a marine heatwave
Extreme climate events are rapidly reshaping ecosystems and contributing to biodiversity loss, yet their long-term impacts remain poorly understood, particularly in marine systems. In 2011, an unprecedented marine heatwave (MHW) on the west coast of Australia drove declines in habitat-forming plants and across taxa spanning multiple trophic levels. Shark Bay, home to an iconic Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus) population, endured temperatures 3-5{degrees}C above long-term means, triggering catastrophic seagrass loss. Using 20 years (2003-2023) of dolphin photo-identification data, we fitted a Bayesian Hidden Markov Model to estimate annual, age-class specific survival probabilities, abundance and recruitment rate, and their association with MHW-mediated seagrass loss in the western (WSB) and eastern (ESB) gulfs of Shark Bay. Adult survival declined markedly, from 0.99 (0.98-1.00) pre-MHW to 0.85 (0.79-0.90) post-MHW in WSB, and from 0.96 (0.92-0.98) to 0.89 (0.85-0.95) in ESB, remaining below pre-MHW levels for several years, while juvenile and calf survival declined in both gulfs to a lesser extent. Recruitment declined in both gulfs and, although recovery was evident in WSB from 2019 onward, continued to decline in ESB until the end of the study. These sustained demographic declines drove substantial reductions in population growth and abundance in both WSB (39%) and ESB (36%). Demographic changes were associated with seagrass loss, here a proxy for habitat and prey availability, with clearest support for adult survival in WSB and a two-year-lagged recruitment response in ESB. This pathway is likely to operate across diverse ecosystems as climate change drives increasing loss of habitat-forming species. The severity and duration of these demographic impacts illustrate that habitat change can cascade through trophic systems to overwhelm demographic resilience in upper-trophic species. This has negative implications for even long-lived, K-selected species, whose slow demographic recovery may not keep pace with the accelerating frequency and intensity of climate disturbance.