Breathing in sync: how a social behavior structures respiratory epidemic risk in bottlenose dolphins
Dolphin morbillivirus has caused mass mortalities in dolphin populations globally. Given their role as ecosystem sentinels, mass mortalities among these populations can be detrimental. Morbillivirus is transmitted through respiratory droplets and occurs when dolphins breathe synchronously, a variable social behavior. To assess the role of variable social behavior on disease risk empirically, we collected behavioral data from two wild bottlenose dolphins populations (Tursiops spp.), developed network models that synthesize transmission contacts, and used an epidemiological model to predict disease consequences. We find that juveniles have more contacts than adults, adult males have more contacts than adult females, and that individuals preferentially contact others in their own demographic group. These patterns translate to higher infection risk for juveniles and adult males, which we support using data from a morbillivirus outbreak. Our work characterizes the impact of bottlenose dolphin social dynamics on infectious disease risk and informs the structure of vulnerability for future epizootics.