Biology subjects

Codling, K.

Publications and source records attributed to Codling, K..

2 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2020

Modelling the contribution of iodised salt in industrially processed foods to iodine intake in Macedonia

Evidence from the 1950s showed that Macedonia was iodine deficient. After the introduction of mandatory universal salt iodisation, the country saw a steady increase in iodine intake and decline in goitre prevalence, earning iodine-deficiency free status in 2003. Iodine status assessments in 2007 and 2016 showed adequate iodine intake among school age children (median urinary iodine concentration of 241 {micro}g/L and 236 {micro}g/L respectively). Macedonia participated in the 2019 piloting of the Iodine Global Network Programme Guidance on the use of iodised salt in industrially processed foods to better understand salt and iodised salt intake from food sources other than household salt. Aggregated data from the 2017 Household Consumption and Expenditure Survey (HCES) was used to determine household salt consumption, to identify widely-consumed, salt-containing industrially processed foods and estimate typical daily intake of these foods. The salt content of these foods was estimated using national standards and the Danish food composition database. The percentage of this salt that was iodised was assessed using customs data for salt imports. Although the study has its limitations, including a relatively small selection of foods, the results indicate potential iodine intake from iodised household salt and iodised salt in the selected foods of above 300% of the Estimated Average Requirement and over 220% of the Recommended Nutrient Intake for adults. This was approximately 50% of the tolerable safe Upper Level for iodine intake. The study confirmed high daily salt intake (11.2 grams from household salt only). Successful salt reduction would be expected to reduce iodine intake, however, modelling with 10% and 30% reduction implied this is unlikely to put any population group at risk of deficiency. It is recommended that design and implementation of salt iodisation and salt reduction policies are harmonized, alongside continued regular iodine status monitoring for different population groups.

physiology↗

bioRxiv2018

Iodine status of children and Knowledge, Attitude, Practice of Iodised salt use in a remote community in Kerema district, Gulf province, Papua New Guinea

Iodine deficiency is the single most common cause of preventable mental impairment in communities with suboptimal iodine intake. Objective of the present study was to assess in more detail the iodine status and knowledge, attitudes and practice (KAP) relating to use of iodised salt in a remote community in Kotidanga area, Kerema district, Gulf province, Papua New Guinea. This prospective school and community based cross-sectional study was carried out in 2017. Simple random sampling was used to select schools. Multistage sampling was used to randomly select 291 children aged 6 to 12 years. Salt samples were collected for analysis from childrens households as well as a single urine sample of selected children. Salt iodine content and Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) were analysed. A semi-structured FAO questionnaire was used to assess KAP of three different community groups. Only 64% of households had salt on the day of data collection. Mean iodine content in household salt samples was 29.0 {+/-} 19.1 ppm. Iodine content was below 30.0 ppm in 54.8% and below 15.0 ppm in 31.2% of salt samples. Mean per capita discretionary intake of household salt was 2.9 {+/-} 1.8 g/day. Median UIC was 25.5 g/L and Interquartile Range was 15.0 to 47.5 g/L; 75.9% (221/291) of the children had UIC below 50.0 g/L, indicating moderate status iodine nutrition. Median UIC was 34.3g/L for children in households with salt, compared to 15.5 g/L for children in households without salt, indicating severe iodine deficiency in the latter group. The three community groups had limited knowledge about importance of using iodised salt and consequences of iodine deficiency on health outcomes. This remote community has limited access to adequately iodised household salt due to high cost, inappropriate packaging, storage and food preparation, resulting in iodine deficiency. Strategies to increase iodine intake are needed.

epidemiology↗