Induction by caterpillars of stored and emitted volatiles among populations of wild cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)
BackgroundUpland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) plants constitutively store volatile terpenes in their leaves, which are steadily emitted at low levels. Herbivory leads to a greater release of these stored volatiles. Additionally, damaged plants increase the accumulation of volatile terpenes in their leaves and begin to emit other terpenes and additional compounds. This has been well characterised for cultivated G. hirsutum, but little is known about volatile production in response to herbivory in wild populations. We investigated how damage by the beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua) affects leaf-stored and emitted volatiles in wild G. hirsutum plants. These plants were grown in a greenhouse using seeds collected from populations found along the Yucatan coast, from where this cotton species originates. We assessed whether the differences in leaf terpene profiles between two known chemotypes persisted upon herbivory, in leaves and in head-space emissions, and whether these chemotypes also differed in the production and release of herbivory-induced volatiles. In addition to chemotypic variation, we further investigated intraspecific variation in the volatile response to herbivory among genotypes, populations, and four geographic regions. ResultsThe difference between the two chemotypes persisted after herbivory in the stored volatile profile of induced leaves, as well in the emissions from damaged plants. Therefore, wild cotton chemotypes may differ in their airborne interactions with their environment. The specific terpenes distinguishing these chemotypes showed a weak inducibility, raising questions about their functions. Herbivory triggered changes in stored and emitted volatiles similar to what is known for cultivated varieties of G. hirsutum. However, we report for the first time on the emission of volatile aldoximes by cotton plants, which were only detected in the headspace upon herbivory, and displayed chemotypic and interpopulation variation. Intraspecific variation was also observed in the induced emissions of nitriles and certain terpenes. Moreover, chemotypes differed in their induction of (E)-{beta}-ocimene stored in the leaves. ConclusionsThis comprehensive insight into herbivore-induced volatiles of wild cotton reveals variation in production and emission among populations. A full understanding of their ecological role may help in the development of future pest-management strategies for cotton crops.