Coconut inflorescence sap mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles and its diverse antimicrobial properties
Green synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) involves the use of diverse extracts of biological origin as substrates to synthesize nanoparticles and can overcome the hazards associated with chemical methods. Coconut inflorescence sap, which is unfermented phloem sap obtained by tapping of coconut inflorescence, is a rich source of sugars and secondary metabolites. In this study, coconut inflorescence sap was used to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). We have initially undertaken metabolomic profiling of coconut inflorescence sap from West Coast Tall cultivar to delineate its individual components. Secondary metabolites constituted the major portion of the inflorescence sap along with sugars, lipids and, peptides. The concentration of silver nitrate, inflorescence sap and incubation temperature for synthesis of AgNPs were optimized. Incubating the reaction mixture at 40{degrees}C was found to enhance AgNP synthesis. The AgNPs synthesized were characterized using UV-Visible spectrophotometry, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Antimicrobial property of AgNP was tested in tissue culture of arecanut (Areca catechu L.) where bacterial contamination (Bacillus pumilus) was a frequent occurrence. Significant reduction in the contamination was observed when plantlets were treated with aqueous solutions of 0.01, 0.02 and 0.03% of AgNPs for one hour. Notably, treatment with AgNPs did not affect growth and development of the arecanut plantlets. Cytotoxicity of AgNPs was quantified in HeLa cells. Viability (%) of HeLa cells declined significantly at 10 ppm concentration of AgNP and complete mortality was observed at 60 ppm. Antimicrobial properties of AgNPs synthesized from inflorescence sap were also evaluated and confirmed in human pathogenic bacteria viz., Salmonella sp., Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Escherichia coli. The study concludes that unfermented inflorescence sap, with above neutral pH, serves as an excellent reducing agent to synthesize AgNPs from Ag+.\n\nO_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=177 HEIGHT=200 SRC=\"FIGDIR/small/775940v1_ufig1.gif\" ALT=\"Figure 1\">\nView larger version (64K):\norg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@3c3f1forg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1540f6borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1c069aborg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@159772c_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG Graphical abstract\n\nC_FIG