The role of cortistatin in neuroimmune dysregulation underlying ischemic stroke
Ischemic stroke is the result of a permanent or transient occlusion of a brain artery, leading to irreversible tissue injury and long-term sequelae. Despite ongoing advancements in revascularization techniques, stroke remains the second leading cause of death worldwide. A comprehensive understanding of the complex and interconnected mechanisms, along with the endogenous mediators that modulate stroke responses is essential for the development of effective interventions. Our study investigates cortistatin, a neuropeptide extensively distributed in the immune and central nervous systems, known for its immunomodulatory properties. With neuroinflammation and peripheral immune deregulation as key pathological features of brain ischemia, cortistatin emerges as a promising therapeutic candidate. To this aim, we evaluated its potential effect in a well-established middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) preclinical stroke model. Our findings indicate that the peripheral administration of cortistatin at 24 hours post-stroke significantly reduces neurological damage and enhances recovery. Importantly, cortistatin-induced neuroprotection was multitargeted, as it modulated the glial reactivity and astrocytic scar formation, facilitated blood-brain barrier recovery, and regulated local and systemic immune dysfunction. Surprisingly, administration of cortistatin at immediate and early post-stroke time points proved to be not beneficial and even detrimental. These results emphasize the importance of understanding the spatio-temporal dynamics of stroke pathology to develop innovative therapeutic strategies. Premature interruption of certain neuroinflammatory processes might inadvertently compromise neuroprotective mechanisms. In summary, our study highlights cortistatin as a novel pleiotropic therapeutic approach against ischemic stroke, offering new treatment options for patients for whom early revascularization intervention is unsuccessful. Graphical abstract O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=100 SRC="FIGDIR/small/579281v3_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (35K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@b20a6dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@cab2e1org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1a6088dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@17b723d_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG