Conifers exhibit a characteristic inactivation of auxin to maintain tissue homeostasis
O_LIDynamic regulation of the levels of the natural auxin, indol-3-acetic acid (IAA), is essential to coordinate most of the physiological and developmental processes and responses to environmental changes. Oxidation of IAA is a major pathway to control auxin concentrations in Arabidopsis and, along with IAA conjugation, to respond to perturbation of IAA homeostasis. However, these regulatory mechanisms are still poorly investigated in conifers. To reduce this gap of knowledge, we investigated the different contribution of the IAA inactivation pathways in conifers.\nC_LIO_LIMass spectrometry-based quantification of IAA metabolites under steady state conditions and after perturbation was investigated to evaluate IAA homeostasis in conifers. Putative Picea abies GH3 genes (PaGH3) were identified by a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis including Arabidopsis and basal land plants. Auxin-inducible PaGH3 genes were identified by expression analysis and their IAA-conjugating activity was explored.\nC_LIO_LICompared to Arabidopsis, oxidative and conjugative pathways differentially contribute to reduce IAA levels in conifers. We demonstrated that the oxidation pathway plays a marginal role in controlling IAA homeostasis in spruce. On the other hand, an excess of IAA rapidly activates GH3-mediated irreversible conjugation pathways.\nC_LIO_LITaken together, these data indicate that a diversification of IAA inactivation mechanisms evolved specifically in conifers.\nC_LI