Bycatch mitigation of endangered marine life
The fishing gear deployed by fishermen in seas and oceans throughout the world not only captures target species but also unintentionally ensnares non-target species, a phenomenon known as "by-catch". This unintended capture of marine life can represent significant challenges for the fishing industry, with adverse impacts on both the environment and species such as sea turtles, marine mammals, seabirds and elasmobranchs, which may be injured or even killed. To address this problem, the fishing industry has implemented regulations and mitigation measures. In this literature review, we have examined 389 articles published between 2010 and 2022 that assess the effectiveness of these measures. It has been demonstrated that the most effective measures are pingers for marine mammals, TEDs (Turtle Excluder Devices) for sea turtles, and BSLs (Bird Scaring Lines), more commonly known as tori lines, for seabirds. The most complex case is that of elasmobranchs, and the most effective measure has yet to be discovered. This complexity arises from the ongoing targeted fishing of these species, resulting in less monitoring of their catches and, therefore, fewer surveys. Overall, we encourage the global implementation of these measures by the fishing industry in order to reduce by-catch in an attempt to ensure the future of many endangered species.