Trachymyrmex septentrionalis ants promote fungus garden hygiene using Trichoderma-derived metabolite cues
Fungus-growing ants depend on a fungal mutualist that can fall prey to fungal pathogens. This mutualist is cultivated by these ants in structures called fungus gardens. Ants exhibit weeding behaviors that keep their fungus gardens healthy by physically removing compromised pieces. However, how ants detect diseases of their fungus gardens is unknown. Here, we applied the logic of Kochs postulates using environmental fungal community gene sequencing, fungal isolation, and laboratory infection experiments to establish Trichoderma spp. as previously unrecognized pathogens of Trachymyrmex septentrionalis fungus gardens. Our environmental data showed that Trichoderma are the most abundant non-cultivar fungi in wild T. septentrionalis fungus gardens. We further determined that metabolites produced by Trichoderma induce an ant weeding response that mirrors their response to live Trichoderma. Combining ant behavioral experiments with bioactivity-guided fractionation and statistical prioritization of metabolites in Trichoderma extracts demonstrated that T. septentrionalis ants weed in response to peptaibols, a specific class of secondary metabolites known to be produced by Trichoderma fungi. Similar assays conducted using purified peptaibols, including the two new peptaibols trichokindins VIII and IX, suggested that weeding is likely induced by peptaibols as a class rather than by a single peptaibol metabolite. In addition to their presence in laboratory experiments, we detected peptaibols in wild fungus gardens. Our combination of environmental data and laboratory infection experiments strongly support that peptaibols act as chemical cues of Trichoderma pathogenesis in T. septentrionalis fungus gardens. Significance StatementAn extended defense response may exist in any relationship where one partner benefits from defending a mutualistic partner. Such a response is observed in the fungus-growing ant symbiosis, where ants must identify and remove pathogens of their symbiotic fungus gardens. Here we describe the fungal pathogen Trichoderma and its associated metabolites, which induce Trachymyrmex septentrionalis ant weeding behavior. Ants removed fungus garden pieces inoculated with Trichoderma spores or peptaibol-rich Trichoderma extracts, and peptaibols as a class cued ant defensive behavior, allowing T. septentrionalis to differentiate healthy from diseased fungus gardens. Extended defense responses mediated by chemical cues may be underappreciated mechanisms that structure symbiotic interactions.