Burjan, T. | bioRxiv Science

bioRxiv2026

Investigation of autophagy-activating molecules in a glia-specific Spinocerebellar ataxia type model

Autophagy is a critical neuroprotective mechanism, the impairment of which can lead to severe neurodegenerative diseases. Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) is a monogenic neurodegenerative disorder, characterised by the presence of protein aggregates and consequent loss of cellular functions. The expression of mutant Ataxin1 (ATXN1) in glial cells has been demonstrated to induce inflammatory responses and loss of supportive functions, thereby exacerbating neuronal degeneration in SCA1. Autophagic dysfunction has been shown to affect both neurons and glial cells, resulting in widespread pathological consequences. In this work, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of two small-molecule autophagy activators, AUTEN-67 and AUTEN-99, in models of glia-specific SCA1 in Drosophila. Our results demonstrate that AUTEN-99 has a stronger autophagy enhancing effect, with significantly improved response times and survival rates, compared to untreated ATXN1 mutants. Glia-specific assays in mouse primary hippocampal cultures also confirmed that AUTEN-99 is a more effective activator. Ultimately, co-treatment of neuronal and glial cultures did not reveal any synergistic benefits from combining the two AUTEN compounds compared to single-agent treatment. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the utility of AUTENs and may help to understand the critical role of autophagy in neurodegenerative diseases.

cell biology↗

bioRxiv2025

Comparative analysis of two autophagy-enhancing small molecules (AUTEN-67 and -99) in a Drosophila model of Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1

Autophagy is a lysosome-mediated self-degradation process of eukaryotic cells which is critical for the elimination of cellular damage. Its capacity progressively declines with age, and this change can lead to the development of various neurodegenerative pathologies including Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1). SCA1 is mainly caused by mutations in the polyglutamine region of Ataxin 1 protein. In patients affected by the disease, Purkinje neurons of the cerebellum frequently undergo demise and eventually become lost. Here we tested whether two well-characterized autophagy-enhancing small molecules, AUTEN-67 and -99, which antagonize the autophagy complex Vps34 through blocking the myotubularin-related lipid phosphatase MTMR14/EDTP, have the capacity to ameliorate SCA1 symptoms. We found that in a Drosophila model of SCA1, only AUTEN-67 exerts positive effects including improvement of climbing ability and extending life span. Based on these results, we hypothesized that the two compounds influence autophagy in the brain in a neuron-specific manner. Indeed, according to data we obtained, AUTEN-67 and -99 exhibit shared and unique functional domains in the Drosophila brain. AUTENs enhanced autophagy in GABAergic and dopaminergic neurons. In addition, AUTEN-67 also affected autophagy in cholinergic neurons, while AUTEN-99 triggered the process in glutaminergic neurons and motoneurons. We also observed varying efficiencies between the two AUTENs among different subtypes of cultured hippocampal neurons of mice. These data suggest that the two compounds display neuron-specific differences in exerting autophagy-enhancing effects, and may lead to a better understanding of in which types of neurons autophagy could potentially be activated to treat SCA1 in human patients.

cell biology↗