The human voice aligns with whole-body kinetics
Humans often vocalize while concurrently gesturing with their hands. Fluctuations in the intensity and tone of the voice have been shown to synchronize with gestural upper limb movement. This research provides direct evidence that interactions between arm movements and postural muscle activity cause these voicing fluctuations. We show that specific muscles (e.g., pectoralis major, erector spinae), associated with upper limb movement and their postural anticipations, are especially likely to interact with the voice. Adding mass to the upper limb increased this interaction. Ground-reaction forces were also found to relate to postural muscles, and these measurements also directly covaried with fluctuations in the voice during some movement conditions. These results show that the voice co-patterns with whole-body kinetics, i.e. forces. We thereby go beyond kinematic analyses in studying interactions between gesturing and vocalization, invoking several implications for biomechanical modeling. We conclude that human voicing has evolved in a dynamical interaction with the whole-body motor system.