Biology subjects

Bry, L.

Publications and source records attributed to Bry, L..

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2026

Attomolar fecal cytokine profiling reveals gut immune dynamics and disease states

The gut modulates systemic health, influencing immune, neurological, and cardiovascular processes. While fecal sequencing of microbial nucleic acids provides a non-invasive view of microbial composition, sensitive measurement of host-derived signals in stool remains limited. Here we introduce DIGEST (Digital Immunoassay for Gut-Environment Single-molecule Targets), an ultrasensitive digital immunoassay that quantifies proteins in fecal extracts to attomolar levels. In mice, longitudinal profiling during a high-fat diet perturbation revealed coordinated host cytokine responses that occurred within 24 hours, with sustained elevation after diet withdrawal, enabling non-invasive tracking of within-subject immune dynamics. Application of DIGEST to quantify a panel of host inflammatory cytokines in patients with inflammatory bowel disease distinguished active ulcerative colitis from quiescent disease and non-IBD controls (AUC=0.98). In advanced melanoma patients receiving PD-1 blockade, pretreatment fecal IL-23 concentrations discriminated responders from non-responders with an AUC of 0.87. Together, these results establish DIGEST as a generalizable platform for sensitive, non-invasive quantification of host protein activity at the gut interface, with broad applications in basic science discovery, disease surveillance, and therapy response prediction.

systems biology↗

bioRxiv2026

Blautia wexlerae Transforms Dietary Fatty Acids to Activate Enteroendocrine Signaling and Improve Metabolic Health in Mice and Humans

Metabolites produced by the gut microbiome influence host metabolic health, but how this occurs remains incompletely defined. Here, we report that a common human gut commensal, Blautia wexlerae, converts dietary fats into bioactive metabolites that induce gut hormone production to affect glucose metabolism and suppress appetite. We found that colonization with Blautia wexlerae correlated with healthier eating behaviors in humans. Blautia wexlerae encodes a unique acyl transferase and is capable of producing acyl amines from nutrient substrates. These Blautia acyl amines stimulated human enteroendocrine cells to secrete GLP-1 and other gut peptide hormones more potently than endogenously produced acyl amines. When fed to mice, acyl amines improved glycemic control and decreased appetite. In humans, higher stool levels of Blautia DNA encoding acyl amine synthesis genes correlated with leanness and decreased dietary fat intake. These results define a mechanism of action for how Blautia wexlerae affects host metabolic control.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2025

Panorama: a robust pangenome-based method for predicting and comparing biological systems across species

Over the last decade, the expansion in the number of available genomes has profoundly transformed the study of genetic diversity, evolution, and ecological adaptation in prokaryotes. However, traditional bioinformatic approaches based on the analysis of individual genomes are showing their limitations when faced with the sheer scale of the data. To overcome these constraints, the concept of pangenome has emerged, offering a comprehensive framework to capture the full genetic repertoire of a species. In this study, we present PANORAMA, an innovative pangenomic tool designed to exploit pangenome graphs and enable them to be annotated and compared in order to explore the genomic diversity of several species. Based on the PPanGGOLiN pangenome graphs, PANORAMA integrates advanced methods for rule-based prediction of macromolecular systems and comparative analysis of conserved features between different pangenomes, such as spots of insertion. We illustrate the use of PANORAMA on a dataset of 941 Pseudomonas aeruginosa genomes, evaluating its performance against reference defense system prediction tools such as PADLOC and DefenseFinder. The analysis was then extended to a larger set, including four species of Enterobacteriaceae (>6,000 genomes), demonstrating PANORAMAs ability to annotate, compare, and explore the diversity and distribution of biological systems across multiple species. This work provides new methods for the large-scale comparative study of microbial genomes and underlines the relevance of pangenome approaches in deciphering their evolutionary dynamics. PANORAMA is freely available and accessible through: https://github.com/labgem/PANORAMA Author summaryMicroorganisms are present in nearly all environments on Earth. Uncovering their diversity through the study of their genomes is essential for understanding their biology and evolution. This includes characterizing the species complete genetic repertoire, known as the pangenome. Such research also enables new applications in health, ecology, biotechnology, etc. Here, we present PANORAMA, a novel computational tool designed to predict macromolecular systems, such as defense mechanisms against phages, and to compare pangenome graphs across different species. By using rule-based models that combine gene function and genomic context, we can search for systems directly within pangenome graphs. This graph-based approach provides a global view of the functional content of entire species, moving beyond the analysis of individual genomes. It greatly facilitates the analysis of thousands of genomes by reducing the required computation time and directly integrating the results to identify shared and specific systems. Furthermore, PANORAMAs comparative functionality enables the identification of conserved structures across species, such as shared spots of insertion, revealing common evolutionary mechanisms and functional modules. This work establishes a foundation for comparative pangenomics, offering an unprecedented framework to explore the adaptive potential and evolutionary dynamics of prokaryotes at scale.

bioinformatics↗

bioRxiv2025

Microbial metabolism of mannitol as a tracer for the non-invasive measurement of oral-cecal transit

The timing of digestion after a meal reveals information essential for evaluating gastrointestinal function and overall digestive health. Alterations in transit time through the GI tract can reveal abnormalities such as delayed gastric emptying and provide critical insights into nutrient absorption dynamics. This information is particularly valuable for optimizing dietary interventions, managing metabolic conditions such as diabetes, and improving personalized nutrition strategies. Methods for measuring the oral to cecal transit time (OCTT) in murine models have significant limitations. We demonstrate a non-invasive approach in freely-moving non-anesthetized mice which quantifies the microbial digestion of the non-nutritive sweetener mannitol to CO2. We monitor cage air for the production of 13CO2 from 13C-enriched mannitol using Off-Axis Integrated Cavity Output Spectroscopy integrated with multiplexes indirect calorimetry. With this approach, we find mannitol oxidation is absent in mice following commensal depletion of the microbiota. In mice with conventional microbiota, the peak 13C-mannitol oxidation occurs proximal to the mouse cecum, allowing the quantitation of OCTT in mice. By tracking the output of 13CO2, this method provides highly granular, real-time data. We detect delayed OCTT with the use of pharmacological transit-altering compounds loperamide, a gut restricted opioid receptor agonist and also semaglutide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist. This approach may provide more physiologically relevant results in a range of genetic, environmental, and pharmacological research models.

physiology↗

bioRxiv2025

Deconvoluting Metabolomic Flux in Living Cells with Real-time 13C J-coupling-edited Proton High-Resolution Magic Angle Spinning (HRMAS) NMR

Carbon-13 (13C) NMR provides a powerful approach to non-invasively investigate complex cellular metabolism. However, limitations arise per 13C NMRs reduced sensitivity as compared to proton (1H) NMR, even when using 13C tracer molecules to enrich signal, and particularly when investigating metabolic processes in low volume samples. To overcome these limitations, we developed a 1H NMR method that harnesses 1H NMRs sensitivity with 13C NMRs specificity by capturing 13C NMR information in the 1H spectrum via 13C-1H J-couplings (1H[13C-Jed]). This approach improves 13C signal detection 13.9-fold and incorporates additional 1H NMR information to investigate complex metabolism on a cellular scale. Here, we demonstrate application of 1H[13C- Jed] NMR to deconvolute complex cellular metabolism in the anaerobic pathogen Clostridioides difficile. Analyses enabled precise tracking of branching metabolic reactions under anoxic and reducing conditions over time in a 30{micro}L volume, and improved predictions of the pathogens genome scale metabolism. 1H[13C-Jed] NMR provides methodological advancements to investigate dynamic cellular metabolism and its role in complex biologic processes.

biophysics↗

bioRxiv2025

Polyunsaturated fatty acids promote appetite via the microbiome-gut-brain axis

Appetite is regulated by nutrient-sensing systems that integrate long-term signals from energy stores and short-term cues from dietary intake, yet this regulation is increasingly disrupted by industrialized diets. Although the physiological effects of industrialized diets are well documented, the continued rise in metabolic and eating disorders underscores a critical gap in our understanding of how these diets shape neural regulation of eating behavior. Here, we tested how distinct properties of industrialized diets alter brain neurochemistry and change appetite. We probed the properties of an industrialized diet through contrasts targeting the overall diet pattern (Western vs. control), enriched macronutrients (fat vs. sugar), and isocaloric trade-offs of macronutrient variants (saturated fatty acids vs. polyunsaturated fatty acids [PUFA]). The most salient effects emerged from the finest-grained contrast: PUFA conditioning increased appetite through a mechanism involving elevated brain 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), a primary serotonin catabolite associated with the gut microbiome. Fecal microbiota transplants into germ-free mice confirmed that the PUFA-conditioned gut microbiota carries an appetite-enhancing signature. Together, our findings delineate a diet-microbiome-gut-brain axis through which dietary components of industrialized diets can modulate appetite and contribute to altered eating behavior. Graphical abstract O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/667447v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (46K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@650141org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1358b06org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@3a4c0corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@156e685_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG One Sentence SummaryDietary polyunsaturated fatty acids enhance appetite via a gut microbiome-serotonergic pathway.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2024

Approaching pathogenic Clostridia from a One Health perspective

Spore-forming pathogens have a unique capacity to thrive in diverse environments, and with temporal persistence afforded through their ability to sporulate. These behaviors require a One Health approach to identify critical reservoirs and outbreak-associated transmission chains, given their capacity to freely move across soils, waterways, foodstuffs, and as commensals or infecting pathogens in human and veterinary populations. Among anaerobic spore-formers, genomic resources for pathogens including C. botulinum, C. difficile, and C. perfringens enable our capacity to identify common and unique factors that support their persistence in diverse reservoirs and capacity to cause disease. Publicly available genomic resources for spore-forming pathogens at NCBIs Pathogen Detection program aid outbreak investigations and longitudinal monitoring in national and international programs in public health and food safety, as well as for local healthcare systems. These tools also enable research to derive new knowledge regarding disease pathogenesis, and to inform strategies in disease prevention and treatment. As global community resources, the continued sharing of strain genomic data and phenotypes further enhances international resources and means to develop impactful applications. We present examples showing use of these resources in surveillance, including capacity to assess linkages among clinical, environmental, and foodborne reservoirs and to further research investigations into factors promoting their persistence and virulence in different settings.

genomics↗

bioRxiv2023

Beneficial metabolic effects of PAHSAs depend on the gut microbiota in diet-induced obese mice

Dietary lipids play an essential role in regulating the function of the gut microbiota and gastrointestinal tract, and these luminal interactions contribute to mediating host metabolism. PAHSAs are a class of lipids with anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory properties, but whether the gut microbiota contributes to their beneficial effects on host metabolism is unknown. Here, we report that treating high fat diet (HFD)-fed germ-free mice with PAHSAs does not improve insulin sensitivity. However, transfer of feces from PAHSA-treated, but not Vehicle-treated, chow-fed mice increases insulin-sensitivity in HFD-fed germ free mice. Thus, the gut microbiota is necessary for and can transmit the insulin-sensitizing effects of PAHSAs in HFD-fed germ-free mice. Functional analyses of the cecal metagenome and lipidome of PAHSA-treated mice identified multiple lipid species that associate with the gut commensal Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (Bt) and with insulin sensitivity resulting from PAHSA treatment. Bt supplementation in HFD-fed female mice prevented weight gain, reduced adiposity, improved glucose tolerance, fortified the colonic mucus barrier and reduced systemic inflammation versus chow-fed controls, effects that were not observed in HFD-fed male mice. Furthermore, ovariectomy partially reversed the beneficial Bt effects on host metabolism, indicating a role for sex hormones in mediating probiotic effects. Altogether, these studies highlight the fact that lipids can modulate the gut microbiota resulting in improvement in host metabolism and that PAHSA-induced changes in the microbiota result in at least some of their insulin-sensitizing effects in female mice.

physiology↗

bioRxiv2023

HRMAS 13C NMR and genome-scale metabolic modeling identify threonine as a preferred dual redox substrate for Clostridioides difficile

Stickland-fermenting Clostridia preferentially ferment amino acids to generate energy and anabolic substrates for growth. In gut ecosystems, these species prefer dual redox substrates, particularly mucin-abundant leucine. Here, we establish how theronine, a more prevalent, mucin-abundant substrate, supports dual redox metabolism in the pathogen Clostridioides difficile. Real-time, High-Resolution Magic Angle Spinning NMR spectroscopy, with dynamic flux balance analyses, inferred dynamic recruitment of four distinct threonine fermentation pathways, including ones with intermediate accrual that supported changing cellular needs for energy, redox metabolism, nitrogen cycling, and growth. Model predictions with 13C isotopomer analyses of [U-13C]threonine metabolites inferred threonines reduction to butyrate through the reductive leucine pathway, a finding confirmed by deletion of the hadA 2-hydroxyisocaproate CoA transferase. In vivo metabolomic and metatranscriptomic analyses illustrate how threonine metabolism in C. difficile and the protective commensal Paraclostridium bifermentans impacts pathogen colonization and growth, expanding the range of dual-redox substrates that modulate host risks for disease.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2023

The TcdE holin drives toxin secretion and virulence in Clostridioides difficile.

Clostridioides difficile is the leading cause of healthcare associated infections. The Pathogenicity Locus (PaLoc) toxins TcdA and TcdB promote host disease. These toxins lack canonical N-terminal signal sequences for translocation across the bacterial membrane, suggesting alternate mechanisms of release, which have included targeted secretion and passive release from cell lysis. While the holin TcdE has been implicated in TcdA and TcdB release, its role in vivo remains unknown. Here, we show profound reductions in toxin secretion in tcdE mutants in the highly virulent strains UK1 (epidemic ribotype 027, Clade 3) and VPI10463 (ribotype 087, Clade 1). Notably, tcdE deletion in either strain rescued highly susceptible gnotobiotic mice from lethal infection by reducing acute extracellular toxin to undetectable levels, limiting mucosal damage, and enabling long-term survival, in spite of continued toxin gene expression in tcdE mutants. Our findings confirm TcdEs critical functions in vivo for toxin secretion and C. difficile virulence.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2023

Central in vivo mechanisms by which C. difficile's proline reductase drives efficient metabolism, growth, and toxin production

Clostridioides difficile (CD) is a sporulating and toxin-producing nosocomial pathogen that opportunistically infects the gut, particularly in patients with depleted microbiota after antibiotic exposure. Metabolically, CD rapidly generates energy and substrates for growth from Stickland fermentations of amino acids, with proline being a preferred reductive substrate. To investigate the in vivo effects of reductive proline metabolism on C. difficiles virulence in an enriched gut nutrient environment, we evaluated wild-type and isogenic{Delta} prdB strains of ATCC43255 on pathogen behaviors and host outcomes in highly susceptible gnotobiotic mice. Mice infected with the{Delta} prdB mutant demonstrated extended survival via delayed colonization, growth and toxin production but ultimately succumbed to disease. In vivo transcriptomic analyses demonstrated how the absence of proline reductase activity more broadly disrupted the pathogens metabolism including failure to recruit oxidative Stickland pathways, ornithine transformations to alanine, and additional pathways generating growth-promoting substrates, contributing to delayed growth, sporulation, and toxin production. Our findings illustrate the central role for proline reductase metabolism to support early stages of C. difficile colonization and subsequent impact on the pathogens ability to rapidly expand and cause disease.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2022

Elucidating dynamic anaerobe metabolism with HRMAS 13C NMR and genome-scale metabolic modeling.

Anaerobic microbial metabolism drives critical functions within global ecosystems, host-microbiota interactions, and industrial applications, yet remains ill-defined. Here we advance versatile approaches to elaborate dynamic metabolism in living cells of obligate anaerobes, using the pathogen Clostridioides difficile, an amino acid and carbohydrate-fermenting Clostridia. High-Resolution Magic Angle Spinning (HRMAS) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of C. difficile grown with uniformly labeled 13C substrates informed dynamic flux balance analysis (dFBA) of the pathogens genome-scale metabolism. Predictions identified metabolic integration of glycolytic and amino acid fermentation pathways at alanines biosynthesis, to support efficient energy generation, maintenance of redox balance, nitrogen handling, and biomass generation. Model predictions advanced an approach using the sensitivity of 13C NMR spectroscopy to simultaneously track cellular carbon and nitrogen flow, from [U-13C]glucose and [15N] leucine, confirming the formation of [13C,15N]alanine. We illustrate experimental and computational approaches to elaborate complex anaerobic metabolism for diverse applications.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2022

Clostridium scindens colonization of gnotobiotic mice promotes a chronic unresolving infection with Clostridioides difficile

The commensal Clostridium scindens has been regarded as a promising bacteriotherapeutic against Clostridioides difficile infection due to its ability to consume host factors that can promote C. difficile growth, and its production of the antimicrobial compound 1-acetyl-{beta}-carboline. We investigated C. scindens protective effects against C. difficile using defined colonization studies in gnotobiotic mice. Mice infected with C. difficile develop lethal infection within 48 hours. In contrast, 88% of mice pre-colonized with C. scindens survived acute infection with delayed C. difficile colonization, lower biomass, and toxin B levels at 24 hours after infection. However, two weeks post-challenge, surviving mice showed comparable levels of cecal C. difficile vegetative and spore biomass and toxin B, as seen during acute infection. After two weeks, co-colonized mice exhibited mucosal colonic hyperplasia with focal pseudomembranes, modeling a chronic and recurrent infection state. Our findings illustrate how the commensal microbiota can modulate host and pathogen interactions leading to chonic C. difficile carriage and infection.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2021

Intrinsic instability of the dysbiotic microbiome revealed through dynamical systems inference at scale

Dynamical systems models are a powerful tool for analyzing interactions, stability, resilience, and other key properties in biomedically important microbial ecosystems, such as the gut microbiome. Challenges to modeling and inference in this setting include the large number of species present, and data sparsity/noise characteristics. Here, we introduce a Bayesian statistical method, the Microbial Dynamical Systems Inference Engine 2 (MDSINE2), which infers compact and interpretable ecosystems-scale dynamical systems models from microbiome time-series data. We model microbial dynamics as stochastic processes driven by inferred interaction modules, or groups of microbes with similar interaction structure and responses to perturbations. Additionally, we model the noise characteristics of sequencing and qPCR measurements to provide uncertainty quantification for all outputs. To evaluate MDSINE2, and provide a benchmarking resource for the community, we generated the most densely sampled microbiome time-series to date, which consists of a cohort of mice that received fecal transplants from a human donor and were then subjected to dietary and antibiotic perturbations. Benchmarking on simulated and real data demonstrate that MDSINE2 significantly outperforms state-of-the-art methods, and moreover identifies interaction modules that shed new light on ecosystems-scale interactions in the gut microbiome. We provide MDSINE2 as an open-source Python package at: https://github.com/gerberlab/MDSINE2.

systems biology↗

bioRxiv2021

c-di-AMP signaling is required for bile salts resistance and long-term colonization by Clostridioides difficile

To cause disease, the important human enteropathogen Clostridioides difficile must colonize the gastro-intestinal tract but little is known on how this organism senses and responds to the harsh host environment to adapt and multiply. Nucleotide second messengers are signaling molecules used by bacteria to respond to changing environmental conditions. In this study, we showed for the first time that c-di-AMP is produced by C. difficile and controls the uptake of potassium, making it essential for growth. We found that c-di-AMP is involved in biofilm formation, cell wall homeostasis, osmotolerance as well as detergent and bile salt resistance in C. difficile. In a colonization mouse model, a strain lacking GdpP, a c-di-AMP degrading enzyme, failed to persist in the gut in contrast to the parental strain. We identified OpuR as a new regulator that binds c-di-AMP and represses the expression of the compatible solute transporter OpuC. Interestingly, an opuR mutant is highly resistant to a hyperosmotic or bile salt stress compared to the parental strain while an opuCA mutant is more susceptible A short exposure of C. difficile cells to bile salts resulted in a decrease of the c-di-AMP concentrations reinforcing the hypothesis that changes in membrane characteristics due to variations of the cellular turgor or membrane damages constitute a signal for the adjustment of the intracellular c-di-AMP concentration. Thus, c-di-AMP is a signaling molecule with pleiotropic effects that controls osmolyte uptake to confer osmotolerance and bile salt resistance in C. difficile and that is important for colonization of the host. One Sentence Summaryc-di-AMP is an essential regulatory molecule conferring resistance to osmotic and bile salt stresses by controlling osmolyte uptake and contributing to gut persistence in the human enteropathogen Clostridioides difficile.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2021

Real-time HRMAS 13C NMR of obligately anaerobic cells identifies new metabolic targets in the pathogen Clostridioides difficile

Anaerobic microbial metabolism drives critical aspects of host-microbiome interactions and supports many economically important industrial applications. Yet, the metabolic pathways of anaerobic bacteria and their associated constraints for maintaining energy and redox balance are often poorly described. We employ High-Resolution Magic Angle Spinning Carbon-13 (13C) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy with dynamic flux balance analysis to resolve real-time metabolism in living cells of the obligately anaerobic pathogen Clostridioides difficile. Using 13C-labeled carbon sources, we elaborate the time-dependent progression of reductive and oxidative anaerobic fermentation pathways. Analyses identified new integration points for redox and nitrogen coupling between carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism, particularly in the production of 13C-alanine from 13C-glucose to provide an ammonia sink from co-occurring amino acid fermentation. Analyses conducted in the presence or absence of selenium, a required co-factor for the proline Stickland reductase, demonstrate further capacity to modulate cellular metabolism and resulting metabolites. Findings informed a genome-scale metabolic model of C. difficile, identifying alanine and associated electron carrier pools as critical metabolic integration points in energy flow and biomass expansion. We illustrate use of HRMAS NMR as a new analytical platform to resolve complex interactions in anaerobic metabolism and inform new metabolic targets to counter C. difficile infections.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2020

Predictive regulatory and metabolic network models for systems analysis of Clostridioides difficile

Though Clostridioides difficile is among the most studied anaerobes, the interplay of metabolism and regulation that underlies its ability to colonize the human gut is unknown. We have compiled public resources into three models and a portal to support comprehensive systems analysis of C. difficile. First, by leveraging 151 transcriptomes from 11 studies we generated a regulatory model (EGRIN) that organizes 90% of C. difficile genes into 297 high quality conditional co-regulation modules. EGRIN predictions, validated with independent datasets, recapitulated and extended regulons of key transcription factors, implicating new genes for sporulation, carbohydrate transport and metabolism. Second, by advancing a metabolic model, we discovered that 15 amino acids, diverse carbohydrates, and 10 metabolic genes are essential for C. difficile growth within an intestinal environment. Finally, by integrating EGRIN with the metabolic model, we developed a PRIME model that revealed unprecedented insights into combinatorial control of essential processes for in vivo colonization of C. difficile and its interactions with commensals. We have developed an interactive web portal (http://networks.systemsbiology.net/cdiff-portal/) to disseminate all data, algorithms, and models to support collaborative systems analyses of C. difficile.

systems biology↗

bioRxiv2020

The mechanisms of in vivo commensal control of Clostridioides difficile virulence

We define multiple mechanisms by which commensals protect against or worsen Clostridioides difficile infection. Leveraging new systems-level models we show how metabolically distinct species of Clostridia modulate the pathogens colonization, growth, and virulence to impact host survival. Gnotobiotic mice colonized with the amino acid fermenter Paraclostridium bifermentans survived infection while mice colonized with the butyrate- producer, Clostridium sardiniense, more rapidly succumbed. Systematic in vivo analyses revealed how each commensal altered the gut nutrient environment, modulating the pathogens metabolism, regulatory networks, and toxin production. Oral administration of P. bifermentans rescued conventional mice from lethal C. difficile infection via mechanisms identified in specifically colonized mice. Our findings lay the foundation for mechanistically informed therapies to counter C. difficile infections using systems biologic approaches to define host-commensal-pathogen interactions in vivo. O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=108 SRC="FIGDIR/small/894915v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (57K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@15a6940org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@b4290borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1f2af49org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d1e6b9_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG Graphical Abstract C_FIG

microbiology↗