Maternal hypertension and cardiovascular medications dysregulate placental arterial tone
BackgroundAntihypertensive and cardioprotective medications are prescribed to pregnant women and include Ca2+ channel blockers (CCBs; amlodipine, nifedipine), - (doxazosin) and {beta}-(labetalol, bisoprolol, nebivolol) adrenergic receptor antagonists, and -adrenergic receptor agonists (methyldopa). These vasoactive drugs enter the fetal circulation, with unknown effects on the fetoplacental vasculature. We aimed to investigate whether cardiovascular medications modulate human fetoplacental vascular tone, which may impair or enhance placental perfusion. MethodsChorionic plate arteries (CPAs) were obtained from the placentas of women with normotensive pregnancy (N=28), with unmedicated hypertension (N=14), and those chronically medicated (N=61) with either amlodipine, nifedipine, labetalol or bisoprolol, or a combination of CCBs and labetalol. Using wire myography, ex vivo effects of amlodipine, nifedipine, labetalol, methyldopa, doxazosin, bisoprolol and nebivolol were tested in a concentration-dependent manner (10-11-10-5M) in pre-constricted CPAs isolated from the placentas of normotensive women. Differences in CPA vascular reactivity in response to chronic exposure to hypertension and/or cardiovascular medications was assessed by vasoconstriction to high potassium physiological solution (KPSS; 120mM) and to the thromboxane A2 mimetic (U46619; 10-10-2x10-6M), and relaxation to the nitric oxide donor, sodium nitroprusside (SNP; 10-10-10-5M). ResultsIn pre-constricted CPAs isolated from normotensive women, acute exposure to amlodipine, nifedipine, doxazosin and nebivolol promoted significant vasorelaxation (P<0.05). CPAs acutely exposed to labetalol, methyldopa (P<0.05) and bisoprolol (P<0.001) exhibited increased vasoconstriction compared to their respective diluent controls. CPAs from women with chronic hypertension and from those who had chronic labetalol treatment exhibited significantly reduced vasoconstriction to KPSS (P<0.05). CPAs from women with chronic hypertension and exposure to bisoprolol also had significantly attenuated vascular responses to U46619 and SNP (P<0.01 and P<0.01, respectively), compared to normal pregnancy. ConclusionsMaternal hypertension impairs vascular responses of the placenta. Cardiovascular medications prescribed during pregnancy may dysregulate placental vascular function. Further research is warranted to evaluate the relative safety of cardiovascular medications in pregnancy, as their distinct effects on fetoplacental vascular function may have important implications for maternal and fetal outcomes. Mechanistic studies alongside clinical correlations are essential to guide evidence-based prescribing.