Biology subjects

Brinkley, M. R.

Publications and source records attributed to Brinkley, M. R..

3 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2024

Human cytomegalovirus induces neuronal gene expression for viral maturation

Viral invasion of the host cell causes some of the most dramatic changes in biology. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) extensively remodels host cells, altering nuclear shape and generating a cytoplasmic viral-induced assembly compartment (vIAC). How these striking morphology changes take place in the context of host gene regulation is still emerging. Here, we discovered that histone variant macroH2A1 is essential for producing infectious progeny. Because virion maturation and cellular remodeling are closely linked processes, we investigated structural changes in the host cell upon HCMV infection. We discovered that macroH2A1 is necessary for HCMV-induced reorganization of the host nucleus, cytoskeleton, and endoplasmic reticulum. Furthermore, using RNA-seq we found that while all viral genes were highly expressed in the absence of macroH2A1, many HCMV-induced host genes were not. Remarkably, hundreds of these HCMV-induced macroH2A1-dependent host genes are associated with neuronal synapse formation and vesicle trafficking. Knock-down of these HCMV-induced neuronal genes during infection resulted in malformed vIACs and smaller plaques, establishing their importance to HCMV infection. Together, our findings demonstrate that HCMV manipulates host gene expression by hijacking a dormant neuronal secretory pathway for efficient virion maturation.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2023

Adenovirus protein VII binds the A-box of HMGB1 to repress interferon responses.

Viruses hijack host proteins to promote infection and dampen host defenses. Adenovirus encodes the multifunctional protein VII that serves both to compact viral genomes inside the virion and disrupt host chromatin. Protein VII binds the abundant nuclear protein high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and sequesters HMGB1 in chromatin. HMGB1 is an abundant host nuclear protein that can also be released from infected cells as an alarmin to amplify inflammatory responses. By sequestering HMGB1, protein VII prevents its release, thus inhibiting downstream inflammatory signaling. However, the consequences of this chromatin sequestration on host transcription are unknown. Here, we employ bacterial two-hybrid interaction assays and human cell biological systems to interrogate the mechanism of the protein VII-HMGB1 interaction. HMGB1 contains two DNA binding domains, the A- and B-boxes, that bend DNA to promote transcription factor binding while the C-terminal tail regulates this interaction. We demonstrate that protein VII interacts directly with the A-box of HMGB1, an interaction that is inhibited by the HMGB1 C-terminal tail. By cellular fractionation, we show that protein VII renders A-box containing constructs insoluble, thereby acting to prevent their release from cells. This sequestration is not dependent on HMGB1s ability to bind DNA but does require post-translational modifications on protein VII. Importantly, we demonstrate that protein VII inhibits expression of interferon {beta}, in an HMGB1- dependent manner, but does not affect transcription of downstream interferon- stimulated genes. Together, our results demonstrate that protein VII specifically harnesses HMGB1 through its A-box domain to depress the innate immune response and promote infection.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2022

HSV-1 exploits host heterochromatin for egress

Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) progeny form in the nucleus and must exit to successfully infect other cells. These newly formed viral capsids navigate the complex chromatin architecture of the nucleus to reach the inner nuclear membrane and egress. Here, we demonstrate by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) that HSV-1 capsids traverse dense heterochromatin in the nuclear periphery to reach the inner nuclear membrane. We found that this heterochromatin is dependent on the specific chromatin marks of trimethylation on histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27me3) and the histone variant macroH2A1. Through chromatin profiling over the course of infection, we revealed massive host genomic regions bound by macroH2A1 and H3K27me3 that correlate with decreased host transcription in active compartments. This indicates the formation of new heterochromatin during infection. We found that loss of these markers resulted in significantly lower viral titers but did not impact viral genome or protein accumulation. Strikingly, we discovered by TEM that loss of macroH2A1 or H3K27me3 resulted in nuclear trapping of viral capsids. Thus, our work demonstrates that HSV-1 takes advantage of the dynamic nature of host heterochromatin formation during infection for efficient viral egress.

microbiology↗