Brindley, M. | bioRxiv Science

bioRxiv2020

Sex, Age, and Parental Harmonic Convergence Behavior Affect the Immune Performance of Aedes aegypti Offspring

Aedes aegypti is an important vector of several pathogenic arboviruses including dengue, chikungunya and Zika. Innovative approaches to control Aedes populations, involving synthetic transgenic modifications as well as Wolbachia bacteria, appear promising. For the various techniques requiring offspring inheritance of a trait, released males must successfully compete for mating partners against wildtype males. However, very little is known about mechanisms of mate selection in mosquitoes in general and in particular about potential correlations between mating success and offspring immune performance. Harmonic convergence signals have been proposed as a cue for females to predict male quality. We investigated whether offspring of converging parental pairs showed differences in immune competence compared to offspring derived from non-converging parental pairs using three different types of immune assays. We found that offspring immune responses (melanization response and response to a bacterial challenge) differed between offspring from converging and non-converging parents. However, immune responses were shaped by several interacting factors such as sex, age, reproductive status, and parental mating behavior. Parental mating behavior had a stronger effect on the immune response of male offspring than on female offspring. Further, a population of female offspring derived from converging parental pairs reached their peak dengue virus dissemination rate earlier compared to a population of offspring derived from non-converging parental pairs. Our results provide insight into a wide range of selective pressures shaping mosquito immune function. Evolutionary trade-offs between naturally and sexually selected traits can have important implications for disease transmission and control and should be considered in the development of reproductive control strategies.

ecology↗

bioRxiv2019

Temperature Dramatically Shapes Mosquito Gene Expression with Consequences for Mosquito-Zika Virus Interactions

Vector-borne flaviviruses are emerging threats to human health. For successful transmission, the virus needs to efficiently enter mosquito cells, replicate within, and escape several tissue barriers while mosquitoes elicit major transcriptional responses to flavivirus infection. This process will not only be affected by the specific mosquito-pathogen pairing, but also variation in key environmental variables such as temperature. Thus far, few studies have examined the molecular responses triggered by temperature and how these responses modify infection outcomes despite substantial evidence showing strong relationships between temperature and transmission in a diversity of systems. To define the host transcriptional changes associated with temperature variation during the early infection process, we compared the transcriptome of mosquito midgut samples from mosquitoes exposed to Zika virus (ZIKV) and non-exposed mosquitoes housed at three different temperatures (20, 28, and 36{degrees}C). While the high temperature samples did not have significant changes from standard rearing conditions (28{degrees}C) 48 hr post-exposure, the transcriptome profile of mosquitoes housed at 20{degrees}C was dramatically different. The expression of genes most altered by the cooler temperature involved aspects of blood-meal digestion, ROS metabolism, and mosquito innate immunity. Further, we did not find significant differences in the viral RNA copy number between 24 and 48 hr post-exposure at 20{degrees}C, suggesting ZIKV replication is limited by cold-induced changes to the mosquito midgut environment. In ZIKV-exposed mosquitoes, vitellogenin, a lipid carrier protein, was the most up-regulated at 20{degrees}C. Our results provide a deeper understanding of the temperature-triggered transcriptional changes in Aedes aegypti and can be used to further define the molecular mechanisms driven by environmental temperature variation.\n\nContribution to the Field StatementA variety of methods for engineering refractory mosquitoes are currently being studied and show promise for disease control. Although considerable effort has been put into understanding the immune system of mosquitoes in response to infections, almost nothing is understood about environmental influences in regulating these responses. Here, we used RNA sequencing to study the effect of temperature on the mosquito transcriptome profile, as well as assess the changes in the immune response to ZIKV infection at three different temperatures. We found a remarkable effect of temperature on the transcriptome profile of mosquitoes exposed to cool conditions (20{degrees}C) after imbibing a blood meal, as well as accumulation of transcripts involved with different mechanisms associated with blood meal digestion, metabolism, and some components of the immune response in mosquitoes. Our results provide new insights in potential mechanisms that limit temperature-driven pathogen establishment and replication within the mosquito vector.

molecular biology↗