Biology subjects

Bourgault, R.

Publications and source records attributed to Bourgault, R..

6 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2024

Integrative multi-omic analysis identifies genes associated with cuticular wax biogenesis in adult maize leaves

Studying the genetic basis of leaf wax composition and its correlation with leaf cuticular conductance (gc) is crucial for improving crop water-use efficiency. The leaf cuticle, which comprises a cutin matrix and various waxes, functions as an extracellular hydrophobic layer, protecting against water loss upon stomatal closure. To address the limited understanding of genes associated with the natural variation of leaf cuticular waxes and their connection to gc, we conducted statistical genetic analyses using leaf transcriptomic, metabolomic, and physiological data sets collected from a maize (Zea mays L.) panel of [~]300 inbred lines. Through a random forest analysis with 60 cuticular wax traits, it was shown that high molecular weight wax esters play an important role in predicting gc. Integrating results from genome-wide and transcriptome-wide studies (GWAS and TWAS) via a Fishers combined test revealed 231 candidate genes detected by all three association tests. Among these, 11 genes exhibit known or predicted roles in cuticle-related processes. Throughout the genome, multiple hotspots consisting of GWAS signals for several traits from one or more wax classes were discovered, identifying four additional plausible candidate genes and providing insights into the genetic basis of correlated wax traits. Establishing a partially shared genetic architecture, we identified 35 genes for both gc and at least one wax trait, with four considered plausible candidates. Our study uncovered the genetic control of maize leaf waxes, establishing a link between wax composition and gc, with implications for potentially breeding more water-use efficient maize. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWe exploited natural variation in the abundance of maize leaf cuticular waxes to identify genetic determinants of wax composition and its relationship to cuticle function as a barrier against water loss. We identified a set of strongly supported candidate genes with plausible functions in cuticular wax biosynthesis or deposition and added to the evidence for wax esters as the most important wax for water barrier function, offering new tools for modification of cuticle-dependent traits.

genetics↗

bioRxiv2021

Integration of GWAS and TWAS to elucidate the genetic architecture of natural variation for leaf cuticular conductance in maize

The cuticle, a hydrophobic layer of cutin and waxes synthesized by plant epidermal cells, is the major barrier to water loss when stomata are closed. Dissecting the genetic architecture of natural variation for maize leaf cuticular conductance (gc) is important for identifying genes relevant to improving crop productivity in drought-prone environments. To this end, we performed an integrated genome- and transcriptome-wide association study (GWAS/TWAS) to identify candidate genes putatively regulating variation in leaf gc. Of the 22 plausible candidate genes identified, five were predicted to be involved in cuticle precursor biosynthesis and export, two in cell wall modification, nine in intracellular membrane trafficking, and seven in the regulation of cuticle development. A gene encoding an INCREASED SALT TOLERANCE1-LIKE1 (ISTL1) protein putatively involved in intracellular protein and membrane trafficking was identified in GWAS and TWAS as the strongest candidate causal gene. A set of maize nested near-isogenic lines that harbor the ISTL1 genomic region from eight donor parents were evaluated for gc, confirming the association between gc and ISTL1 in a haplotype-based association analysis. The findings of this study provide novel insights into the role of regulatory variants in the development of the maize leaf cuticle, and will ultimately assist breeders to develop drought-tolerant maize for target environments. Sentence summaryWe performed an integrated GWAS/TWAS and identified 22 candidate genes putatively regulating variation in maize leaf gc. The association between gc and the strongest candidate causal gene, ISTL1, was validated with maize nested near-isogenic lines.

genetics↗

bioRxiv2020

The FUSED LEAVES1/ADHERENT1 Regulatory Module Is Required For Maize Cuticle Development And Organ Separation

In land plants all aerial epidermal cells are covered by the cuticle, an extracellular hydrophobic layer. The cuticle represents a primary barrier between cells and the external environment, provides protection against abiotic and biotic stresses, and prevents organ fusion during development. Here we report the cloning and characterization of a classic mutant of maize called adherent1 (ad1), first described a century ago, and we show that AD1 encodes a 3-KETOACYL-CoA SYNTHASE involved in the deposition of cuticular wax on the epidermis of leaves and inflorescences. ad1 mutants show decreased amounts of various wax components as well as a range of organ fusion defects during vegetative and reproductive development. Accordingly, we find that AD1 is strongly expressed in the epidermis of various developing organs where it is directly regulated by the MYB transcription factor FUSED LEAVES1 (FDL1), which in turn controls a series of additional genes involved in cuticle formation. Altogether, our results identify a major pathway of cuticle biosynthesis essential for the development of maize plants, and a key regulatory module that is conserved across monocot and eudicot species. One sentence summaryThe classic maize mutant adherent1, first isolated a century ago, is affected in an enzyme responsible for cuticle formation that is regulated by the MYB transcription factor FUSED LEAVES1.

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2020

Structure-function analysis of the maize bulliform cell cuticle and its role in dehydration and leaf rolling

The cuticle is a hydrophobic layer on the outer surface plant shoots, which serves as an important interaction interface with the environment. It consists of the lipid polymer cutin, embedded with and covered by waxes, and provides protection against stresses including desiccation, UV radiation, and pathogen attack. Bulliform cells form in longitudinal strips on the adaxial leaf surface, and have been implicated in the leaf rolling response observed in drought stressed grass leaves. In this study, we show that bulliform cells of the adult maize leaf epidermis have a specialized cuticle, and we investigate its function along with that of bulliform cells themselves. Analysis of natural variation was used to relate bulliform strip pattering to leaf rolling rate, providing evidence of a role for bulliform cells in leaf rolling. Bulliform cells displayed increased shrinkage compared to other epidermal cell types during dehydration of the leaf, providing a potential mechanism to facilitate leaf rolling. Comparisons of cuticular conductance between adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces, and between bulliform-enriched mutants vs. wild type siblings, provided evidence that bulliform cells lose water across the cuticle more rapidly than other epidermal cell types. Bulliform cell cuticles have a distinct ultrastructure, and differences in cutin monomer content and composition, compared to other leaf epidermal cells. We hypothesize that this cell type-specific cuticle is more water permeable than the epidermal pavement cell cuticle, facilitating the function of bulliform cells in stress-induced leaf rolling observed in grasses. One sentence summaryBulliform cells in maize have a specialized cuticle, lose more water than other epidermal cell types as the leaf dehydrates, and facilitate leaf rolling upon dehydration.

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2019

Network analyses implicate a role for PHYTOCHROME-mediated light signaling in the regulation of cuticle development in plant leaves

Plant cuticles are composed of wax and cutin, and evolved in the land plants as a hydrophobic boundary that reduces water loss from the plant epidermis. The expanding maize adult leaf displays a dynamic, proximodistal gradient of cuticle development, from the leaf base to the tip. Laser microdissection RNA Sequencing (LM-RNAseq) was performed along this proximodistal gradient, and complementary network analyses identified potential regulators of cuticle biosynthesis and deposition. Correlations between cuticle development and cell wall biosynthesis processes were identified, as well as evidence of roles for auxin and brassinosteroids. In addition, our network analyses suggested a previously undescribed function for PHYTOCHROME-mediated light signaling during cuticular wax deposition. Genetic analyses reveal that the phyB1 phyB2 double mutant of maize exhibits abnormal cuticle composition, supporting predictions of our coexpression analyses. Reverse genetic analyses also show that phy mutants of the moss Physcomitrella patens exhibit abnormal cuticle composition, suggesting a role for light-stimulated development of cuticular waxes during plant evolution.

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2019

Changes in lipid composition and ultrastructure associated with functional maturation of the cuticle during adult maize leaf development

Although extensive prior work has characterized cuticle composition, function, ultrastructure and development in many plant species, much remains to be learned about how these features are interrelated. Moreover, very little is known about the adult maize leaf cuticle in spite of its significance for agronomically important traits in this major crop. We analyzed cuticle composition, ultrastructure, and permeability along the developmental gradient of partially expanded adult maize leaves to probe the relationships between these features. The water barrier property is acquired at the cessation of cell expansion. Wax types and chain lengths accumulate asynchronously along the developmental gradient, while overall wax load does not vary. Cutin begins to accumulate prior to establishment of the water barrier and continues thereafter. Ultrastructurally, pavement cell cuticles consist of an epicuticular layer, a thin cuticle proper that acquires an inner, osmiophilic layer during development, and no cuticular layer. Cuticular waxes of the adult maize leaf are dominated by alkanes and wax esters localized mainly in the epicuticular layer. Establishment of the water barrier coincides with a switch from alkanes to esters as the major wax type, and the emergence of an osmiophilic (likely cutin-rich) layer of the cuticle proper.\n\nHiglight statementChemical, ultrastructural and functional analysis of cuticle development in partially expanded adult maize leaves revealed important roles for wax esters and an osmiophilic, likely cutin-rich, layer in protection from dehydration.

plant biology↗