Biology subjects

Boudou, T.

Publications and source records attributed to Boudou, T..

9 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2026

Mechanochemical synchronization of force oscillations in connective tissue models

Cells in a tissue coordinate their behavior collectively by mechanical and chemical feedback with their surroundings. To study how such feedback mechanisms interact, we embed multicellular spheroids from mouse and primary human fibroblasts of different origin in 3D collagen matrices. Immediately after embedding, spheroids apply steadily increasing, radially symmetric, inward-directed forces to the surrounding matrix. Typically, within a few hours, collective force oscillations emerge with an average time interval of {approx}30 min. Similar force oscillations also arise in engineered, parallel-aligned microtissues attached to flexible pillars. Force oscillations propagate between neighboring cells as a mechanical wave, accompanied by calcium waves that travel at comparable speeds of several hundred m/min. Blocking gap junctions or mechanosensitive Piezo1 channels impairs these oscillations, indicating that calcium signaling contributes to their propagation. Their amplitude and frequency are regulated by integrin-mediated feedback in actin-rich protrusions and by ERK signaling, which also controls collective invasion into the surrounding matrix. Neighboring spheroids mechanically synchronize their force oscillations in phase and frequency over distances of up to {approx}2 mm without direct contact. Together, our results show that oscillatory mechanochemical feedback enables multicellular systems to coordinate force generation and invasive migration across cellular and millimeter length scales in 3D matrices.

biophysics↗

bioRxiv2025

Electric field intensity modulates keratocyte migration without altering turning dynamics

Cell migration is a cornerstone of biological systems, enabling organisms to adapt to environmental stimuli and maintain homeostasis. Disruptions in this process can lead to functional impairment or system failure. In many cases, cells do not move randomly; instead, they migrate directionally in response to external cues, allowing them to perform essential biological functions. This directed movement is especially important in processes such as morphogenesis, cancer invasion, and wound healing. To unravel the complexities of directional cell migration, investigating natural guiding stimuli is crucial. Among these, electrical fields stand out as precise and physiologically relevant stimulus. Using a platform designed to apply programmable electric fields, the SCHEEPDOG device; we applied controlled electric field of varying intensities to keratocytes and quantitatively analyzed their migratory behavior. Our findings reveal that electric field stimulation not only induces robust directional migration but also enhances migration speed in an intensity-dependent manner. Additionally, cells initially moving in random directions gradually align with the field vector, with higher intensities accelerating the alignment. Intriguingly, while both speed and alignment time can be modulated through stimulation, the overall shape of migration trajectories remains unchanged. In other terms, for cells initially moving to the opposite direction of the field, the alignment is accompanied by making a turn and the size and shape of this turn is not affected by the magnitude of the electrical stimulation. Together, these results demonstrate that electrical stimulation can tune the speed and directional alignment of keratocyte migration without altering turning dynamics. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of electrotaxis and offers new insights into how biophysical cues regulate cell migration in both physiological and pathological contexts.

biophysics↗

bioRxiv2025

Morphogenesis-on-chip: A minimal in vitro assay for cell intercalation highlights the importance of interfacial tension and migratory forces

Cell intercalation, the dynamic exchange of cellular neighbors, is fundamental to embryonic morphogenesis, tissue homeostasis, and wound healing. Despite extensive study in complex tissues, the minimal mechanical requirements driving intercalation remain poorly understood due to confounding tissue level interactions. Here, we present a novel morphogenesis-on-chip assay utilizing micropatterned cell quadruplets. This system isolates the elementary unit of intercalation while enabling quantitative force and shape measurements. Cross-shaped micropatterns generate stable four cell configurations in MDCK epithelial cells. Surprisingly, these cells spontaneously undergo T1 transitions autonomously. We combined live imaging with force inference and traction force microscopy, which revealed that intercalation emerges from two distinct mechanisms: interfacial tension dynamics and differential cell migration. Specifically, we show a correlation between central junction shrinkage and increased relative tension. Similarly, we show a correlation between central junction shrinkage and migratory forces. We successfully adapted the assay to Xenopus mesoderm cells, revealing conserved mechanical principles across cell types. Furthermore, experimentally derived effective energy landscapes closely match theoretical vertex model predictions, and suggest a dominant role for migratory forces in driving intercalation. This confirms that our minimal system recapitulates the fundamental physics of intercalation. This approach provides the first quantitative framework for studying intercalation mechanics in isolation and establishes a versatile platform for investigating morphogenetic processes. Graphical Abstract O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=73 SRC="FIGDIR/small/662274v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (25K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@41db6aorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1ac1cb1org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@8fcb2corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@63e320_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG

biophysics↗

bioRxiv2025

Osmotic pressure induces unexpected relaxation of contractile 3D microtissue

Cell contraction and proliferation, matrix secretion and external mechanical forces induce compression during embryogenesis and tumor growth, which in turn regulate cell proliferation, metabolism or differentiation. How compression affects tissue contractility, a hallmark of tissue function, is however unknown. Here we apply osmotic compression to microtissues of either mouse colon adenocarcinoma CT26 cells, mouse NIH 3T3 fibroblasts, or human primary colon cancer-associated fibroblasts. Microtissues are anchored to flexible pillars that serve as force transducers. We observe that low-amplitude osmotic compression induces a rapid relaxation of tissue contractility, primed by the deformation of the extracellular matrix. Furthermore, we show that this compression-induced relaxation is independent of the cell type, proportional to the initial tissue contractility, and depends on RhoA-mediated myosin activity. Together, our results demonstrate that compressive stress can relax active tissue force, and points to a potential role of this feedback mechanism during morphogenetic events such as onco- or embryogenesis.

biophysics↗

bioRxiv2022

Force propagation between epithelial cells depends on active coupling and mechano-structural polarization

Cell-generated forces play a major role in coordinating the large-scale behavior of cell assemblies, in particular during development, wound healing and cancer. Mechanical signals propagate faster than biochemical signals, but can have similar effects, especially in epithelial tissues with strong cell-cell adhesion. However, a quantitative description of the transmission chain from force generation in a sender cell, force propagation across cell-cell boundaries, and the concomitant response of receiver cells is missing. For a quantitative analysis of this important situation, here we propose a minimal model system of two epithelial cells on an H-pattern ("cell doublet"). After optogenetically activating RhoA, a major regulator of cell contractility, in the sender cell, we measure the mechanical response of the receiver cell by traction force and monolayer stress microscopies. In general, we find that the receiver cells shows an active response so that the cell doublet forms a coherent unit. However, force propagation and response of the receiver cell also strongly depends on the mechano-structural polarization in the cell assembly, which is controlled by cell-matrix adhesion to the adhesive micropattern. We find that the response of the receiver cell is stronger when the mechano-structural polarization axis is oriented perpendicular to the direction of force propagation, reminiscent of the Poisson effect in passive materials. We finally show that the same effects are at work in small tissues. Our work demonstrates that cellular organization and active mechanical response of a tissue is key to maintain signal strength and leads to the emergence of elasticity, which means that signals are not dissipated like in a viscous system, but can propagate over large distances.

biophysics↗

bioRxiv2022

Cell size and actin architecture determine force generation in optogenetically activated adherent cells

Adherent cells use actomyosin contractility to generate mechanical force and to sense the physical properties of their environment, with dramatic consequences for migration, division, differentiation and fate. However, the organization of the actomyosin system within cells is highly variable, with its assembly and function being controlled by small GTPases from the Rho-family. How activation of these regulators translates into cell-scale force generation and the corresponding sensing capabilities in the context of different physical environments is not understood. Here we probe this relationship combining recent advances in non-neuronal optogenetics with micropatterning and traction force microscopy on soft elastic substrates. We find that after whole-cell RhoA-activation by the CRY2/CIBN optogenetic system with a short pulse of 100 milliseconds, single cells contract before returning to their original tension setpoint with near perfect precision on a time scale of several minutes. To decouple the biochemical and mechanical elements of this response, we introduce a mathematical model that is parametrized by fits to the dynamics of the substrate deformation energy. We find that the RhoA-response builds up quickly on a time scale of 20 seconds, but decays slowly on a time scale of 50 seconds. The larger the cells and the more polarized their actin cytoskeleton, the more substrate deformation energy is generated. RhoA-activation starts to saturate if optogenetic pulse length exceeds 50 milliseconds, revealing the intrinsic limits of biochemical activation. Together our results suggest that adherent cells establish tensional homeostasis by the RhoA-system, but that the setpoint and the dynamics around it are strongly determined by cell size and the architecture of the actin cytoskeleton, which both are controlled by the extracellular environment.

biophysics↗

bioRxiv2022

Light-driven biological actuators to probe the rheology of 3D microtissues

The mechanical properties of biological tissues are key to the regulation of their physical integrity and function. Although the application of external loading or biochemical treatments allows to estimate these properties globally, it remains problematic to assess how such external stimuli compare with internal, cell-generated contractions. Here we engineered 3D microtissues composed of optogenetically-modified fibroblasts encapsulated within collagen. Using light to control the activity of RhoA, a major regulator of cellular contractility, we induced local mechanical perturbation within 3D fibrous microtissues, while tracking in real time microtissue stress and strain. We thus investigated the dynamic regulation of light-induced, local contractions and their spatio-temporal propagation in microtissues. By comparing the evolution of stresses and strains upon stimulation, we demonstrated the potential of our technique for quantifying tissue elasticity and strain propagation, before examining the possibility of using light to create and map local anisotropies in mechanically heterogeneous microtissues. Altogether, our results open an avenue to guide the formation of 3D tissues while non-destructively charting their rheology of 3D tissues in real time, using their own constituting cells as internal actuators.

biophysics↗

bioRxiv2018

Confinement-induced transition between wave-like collective cell migration modes

The structural and functional organization of biological tissues relies on the intricate interplay between chemical and mechanical signaling. Whereas the role of constant and transient mechanical perturbations is generally accepted, several studies recently highlighted the existence of long-range mechanical excitations (i.e., waves) at the supracellular level. Here, we confine epithelial cell mono-layers to quasi-one dimensional geometries, to force the establishment of tissue-level waves of well-defined wavelength and period. Numerical simulations based on a self-propelled Voronoi model reproduce the observed waves and exhibit a phase transition between a global and a multi-nodal wave, controlled by the confinement size. We confirm experimentally the existence of such a phase transition, and show that wavelength and period are independent of the confinement length. Together, these results demonstrate the intrinsic origin of tissue oscillations, which could provide cells with a mechanism to accurately measure distances at the supracellular level.

biophysics↗

bioRxiv2017

Magneto-active substrates for local mechanical stimulation of living cells

Cells are able to sense and react to their physical environment by translating a mechanical cue into an intracellular biochemical signal that triggers biological and mechanical responses. This process, called mechanotransduction, controls essential cellular functions such as proliferation and migration. The cellular response to an external mechanical stimulation has been investigated with various static and dynamic systems, so far limited to global deformations or to local stimulation through discrete substrates. To apply local and dynamic mechanical constraints at the single cell scale through a continuous surface, we have developed and modelled magneto-active substrates made of magnetic micro-pillars embedded in an elastomer. Constrained and unconstrained substrates are analysed to map surface stress resulting from the magnetic actuation of the micro-pillars and the adherent cells. These substrates have a rigidity in the range of cell matrices, and the magnetic micro-pillars generate local forces in the range of cellular forces, both in traction and compression. As an application, we followed the protrusive activity of cells subjected to dynamic stimulations. Our magneto-active substrates thus represent a new tool to study mechanotransduction in single cells, and complement existing techniques by exerting a local and dynamic stimulation, traction and compression, through a continuous soft substrate.

biophysics↗