Determining the toxicity and potential for environmental transport of pyridine using the brown crab Cancer pagurus (L.)
1A series of mass mortalities (wash-ups) of marine life were documented along Englands north east coastline with peaks in September and October 2021, coincident with a programme of intensified maintenance dredging of the River Tees. Decapod crustaceans were the worst affected fauna, with brown crab (Cancer pagurus), European lobster (Homarus gammarus, L.), green shore crab (Carcinus maenas, L.) and velvet swimming crab (Necora puber, L.) populations severely affected. Moribund animals presented with twitching behaviours and paralysis. A potential release of the industrial pollutant pyridine was forwarded as one explanation; however, toxicology data for pyridine in decapods is lacking. In this study, we address this knowledge gap by executing a programme of immersion exposure experiments (pyridine at 2 - 100 mg L-1) using C. pagurus, measuring toxicity effects at the individual (survival) and cellular levels (cellular, mitochondrial, and lipid peroxidation reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation in the gills, hepatopancreas and claw muscle). Highest mortality rates were seen after 72 hours of exposure, returning an LC50 value of 2.75 mg L-1. Exposed crabs presented with patterns of convulsions, limb twitching, paralysis, and death. Crabs exposed to the lowest pyridine dose (2 mg L-1) were noticeably more docile than controls. Concentration was a significant factor influencing mitochondrial ROS formation at low concentrations, with tissue type, time, and their interaction all significant at 100 mg L-1. Computer simulations were used to model the transport of any pyridine released from the dredging work, demonstrating the potential for a pyridine plume to extend from Seaham to the north of the Tees to Whitby and Robin Hoods Bay to the south. This range corresponds well with the reported wash-ups and subsequent declines in catch rates.