Evolutionary landscape of mosquito viral integrations
The sequenced genome of the arboviral vector mosquito, Aedes albopictus, is replete with repetitive DNA and it harbors an unusually large number of endogenous viral sequences, collectively called Nonretroviral Integrated RNA Virus Sequences (NIRVS). NIRVS are enriched both within protein-coding gene exons and PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA) clusters, where they encode piRNAs. Based on these features, NIRVS have been proposed to function as novel mosquito antiviral immune factors. However, the relative importance and contributions of different NIRVS as functional antiviral elements and their mechanisms of action remain open questions.\n\nWe apply an analytical approach that intersects computational, evolutionary and molecular methods to identify NIRVS most likely affecting mosquito immunity. Using this strategy, we show that NIRVS are a highly dynamic component of the Ae. albopictus repeatome, which nevertheless maintains a core set of seemingly the oldest NIRVS with similarity to Rhabdoviruses. Population-level polymorphism of NIRVS varies depending on whether they occur in intergenic regions, piRNA clusters or are part of gene exons. NIRVS from piRNA clusters are differentially widespread in diverse populations but conserved at the sequence level. This is consistent with the hypothesis that they act analogously to fragments of transposable elements in piRNA clusters and contribute to piRNA-based immunity. Among NIRVS from gene exons, AlbRha52 and AlbRha12 have the hallmarks of domestication as they are fixed across populations, stably expressed, and as polymorphic at the sequence level as fast-evolving genes. Overall these results support the hypothesis that NIRVS contribute to mosquito immunity, potentially through diverse modes of action.