Biology subjects

Bok, I.

Publications and source records attributed to Bok, I..

7 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2026

Acute DOI exposure drives cortical hyperexcitability and functional network remodeling

Serotonergic psychoplastogens can produce durable cortical remodeling, but how a brief exposure to the 5-HT2A agonist 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI) reshapes population activity and functional connectivity remains unclear. We recorded primary rat cortical cultures on spatially defined microelectrode arrays before and after acute DOI exposure using a within-culture repeated-measures design, with a separate ketanserin + DOI arm to probe 5-HT2A receptor involvement. Network activity was summarized from spikes, bursts, and functional connectivity estimated with Pearson cross-correlation and the rate-corrected spike-time tiling coefficient. Following DOI exposure, mean firing rate increased across all six wells, burst timing accelerated, and functional-network metrics showed a convergent but sensitivity-limited shift toward shorter characteristic path length. Ketanserin + DOI exposure reduced population bursting and prolonged inter-burst intervals, while descriptive path-length shortening persisted. Path-length shortening persisted under the rate-corrected STTC estimator, suggesting that the connectivity shift was not simply a firing-rate artifact. These findings show that acute DOI exposure can move dissociated cortical cultures into a hyperexcitable population state with altered functional-network dynamics. Multiplexed cortical network recordings therefore provide a tractable bridge between molecular psychoplastogen biology and systems-level circuit outcomes relevant to durable therapeutic plasticity. HighlightsO_LIMEA recordings reveal post-acute DOI responses in cortical cultures C_LIO_LIDOI increases spontaneous firing and accelerates burst timing C_LIO_LIDOI shifts functional network structure toward integration C_LIO_LIKetanserin + DOI suppresses population bursting while preserving path-length shortening C_LI

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2024

Suppression of NRF2-dependent cancer growth by a covalent allosteric molecular glue

The NRF2 transcription factor is constitutively active in cancer where it functions to maintain oxidative homeostasis and reprogram cellular metabolism. NRF2-active tumors exhibit NRF2-dependency and resistance to chemo/radiotherapy. Here we characterize VVD-065, a first-in-class NRF2 inhibitor that acts via an unprecedented allosteric molecular glue mechanism. In the absence of stress or mutation, NRF2 is rapidly degraded by the KEAP1-CUL3 ubiquitin-ligase complex. VVD-065 specifically and covalently engages C151 on KEAP1, which in turn promotes KEAP1-CUL3 complex formation, leading to enhancement of NRF2 degradation. Previously reported C151-directed compounds decrease KEAP1-CUL3 interactions and stabilize NRF2, thus establishing KEAP1_C151 as a tunable regulator of the KEAP1-CUL3 complex and NRF2 stability. VVD-065 inhibited NRF2-dependent tumor growth and sensitized cancers to chemo/radiotherapy, supporting an open Phase I clinical trial (NCT05954312).

cancer biology↗

bioRxiv2024

The small MAF transcription factor MAFG co-opts MITF to promote melanoma progression

Transcription factor deregulation potently drives melanoma progression by dynamically and reversibly controlling gene expression programs. We previously identified the small MAF family transcription factor MAFG as a putative driver of melanoma progression, prompting an in-depth evaluation of its role in melanoma. MAFG expression increases with human melanoma stages and ectopic MAFG expression enhances the malignant behavior of human melanoma cells in vitro, xenograft models, and genetic mouse models of spontaneous melanoma. Moreover, MAFG induces a melanoma phenotype switch from a melanocytic state to a more dedifferentiated state. Mechanistically, MAFG interacts with the lineage transcription factor MITF which is required for the pro-tumorigenic effects of MAFG. MAFG and MITF co-occupy numerous genomic sites and MAFG overexpression influences the expression of genes harboring binding sites for the MAFG[~]MITF complex. These results establish MAFG as a potent driver of melanomagenesis through dimerization with MITF and uncover an unappreciated mechanism of MITF regulation. Significance statementMITF is critically involved in melanoma progression and phenotype switching. We discovered that MAFG interacts with MITF to influence expression of MITF target genes and facilitate a shift toward a dedifferentiated melanoma cell state. This study demonstrates that MAFG promotes melanomagenesis by influencing MITF activity, an unappreciated mechanism of MITF regulation.

cancer biology↗

bioRxiv2023

The lipid phosphatase activity of PTEN dampens FRA1 expression via AKT/mTOR signaling to suppress melanoma

PTEN, a phosphatase frequently inactivated in melanoma, opposes PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway activation. However, AKT- and mTOR-targeted therapies have so far yielded insufficient results in preclinical models and clinical trials of melanoma. We therefore examined whether PTEN suppresses melanoma through lipid phosphatase-independent functions or by opposing lipid phosphatase-dependent, AKT-independent pathways. Restoring different PTEN functions in PTEN-deficient cells or mouse models revealed that PTEN lipid phosphatase activity predominantly suppresses melanoma with minimal contribution from its protein phosphatase and scaffold functions. A drug screen highlighted the dependence of PTEN-deficient melanoma cells on the AKT/mTOR pathway. Moreover, activation of AKT was sufficient to overcome several aspects of PTEN-mediated melanoma suppression. Phosphoproteomics analysis of the PTEN lipid phosphatase activity identified the AP-1 transcription factor FRA1 as a downstream effector. PTEN regulates FRA1 translation via AKT/mTOR and FRA1 overexpression overcomes PTEN-mediated melanoma suppression. Our study affirms AKT as the key mediator of PTEN inactivation in melanoma and identifies an AKT/mTOR/FRA1 axis as a driver of melanomagenesis.

cancer biology↗

bioRxiv2023

Wireless in vivo Recording of Cortical Activity by an Ion-Sensitive Field Effect Transistor

Wireless brain technologies are empowering basic neuroscience and clinical neurology by offering new platforms that minimize invasiveness and refine possibilities during electrophysiological recording and stimulation. Despite their advantages, most systems require on-board power supply and sizeable transmission circuitry, enforcing a lower bound for miniaturization. Designing new minimalistic architectures that can efficiently sense neurophysiological events will open the door to standalone microscale sensors and minimally invasive delivery of multiple sensors. Here we present a circuit for sensing ionic fluctuations in the brain by an ion-sensitive field effect transistor that detunes a single radiofrequency resonator in parallel. We establish sensitivity of the sensor by electromagnetic analysis and quantify response to ionic fluctuations in vitro. We validate this new architecture in vivo during hindpaw stimulation in rodents and verify correlation with local field potential recordings. This new approach can be implemented as an integrated circuit for wireless in situ recording of brain electrophysiology.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2020

MAPK-induced miR-29 restrains melanoma progression by targeting MAFG

The tumor suppressive miR-29 family of microRNAs is encoded by two clusters, miR-29b1[~]a and miR-29b2[~]c, and is regulated by several oncogenic and tumor suppressive stimuli. Here we investigated whether oncogenic MAPK hyperactivation regulates miR-29 abundance and how this signaling axis impacts melanoma development. Using mouse embryonic fibroblasts and human melanocytes, we found that oncogenic MAPK signaling stimulates p53-independent and p53-dependent transcription of pri-miR-29b1[~]a and pri-miR-29b2[~]c, respectively. Expression analyses revealed that while pri-miR-29a[~]bl remains elevated, pri-miR-29b2[~]c levels decrease during melanoma progression. Using a rapid mouse modeling platform, we showed that inactivation of miR-29 in vivo accelerates melanoma development and decreases overall survival. We identified the transcription factor MAFG as a bona fide miR-29 target that has oncogenic potential in melanocytes and is required for growth of melanoma cells. Our findings suggest that MAPK-induced miR-29 contributes to a tumor suppressive barrier by targeting MAFG, which is overcome by attenuation of miR-29b2[~]c expression.

cancer biology↗

bioRxiv2019

A versatile ES cell-based melanoma mouse modeling platform

The cumbersome and time-consuming process of generating new mouse strains and multi-allelic experimental animals often hinders the use of genetically engineered mouse models (GEMM) in cancer research. Here, we describe the development and validation of an embryonic stem cell (ESC)-GEMM platform for rapid modeling of melanoma in mice. Our platform incorporates twelve clinically relevant genotypes composed of combinations of four driver alleles (LSL-BrafV600E, LSL-NrasQ61R, PtenFlox, Cdkn2aFlox) and regulatory alleles to spatiotemporally control the perturbation of genes-of-interest. Our ESCs produce high contribution chimeras, which recapitulate the melanoma phenotypes of conventionally bred mice. Using our ESC-GEMM platform to modulate Pten expression in melanocytes in vivo, we highlight the utility and advantages of gene depletion by CRISPR-Cas9, RNAi, or conditional knockout for melanoma modeling. Moreover, we use complementary genetic methods to demonstrate the impact of Pten restoration on the prevention and maintenance of Pten-deficient melanomas. Finally, we show that chimera-derived melanoma cell lines retain regulatory allele competency and are a powerful resource to complement ESC-GEMM chimera experiments in vitro and in syngeneic grafts in vivo. Thus, when combined with sophisticated genetic tools, our ESC-GEMM platform enables rapid, high-throughput, and versatile studies aimed at addressing outstanding questions in melanoma biology.

cancer biology↗