Ophiobolin A selectively alters mitochondria, metabolism and redox biology in breast cancer and mammary epithelial cells which have undergone epithelial to mesenchymal transition
Breast cancer progression is facilitated by the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), generating cancer cells with enhanced metastatic capacity and resistance to chemotherapeutics. EMT is known to impart changes in metabolic pathways and mitochondrial function. Here, we show a natural product possesses EMT-specific cytotoxic activity via alterations in metabolic and mitochondrial functions. The fungus-derived sesterterpenoid, ophiobolin A (OpA), possesses nanomolar cytotoxic activity and a high therapeutic index, although its target and mechanism of action remain unknown. Here, we utilized a model of mammary epithelial cells and breast cancer cell lines with and without EMT features to characterize the mechanism of selectivity towards EMT(+) cells by OpA and to identify novel targets for the treatment of EMT-enriched breast cancer. Proteins interacting with OpA in EMT(+) cells were identified through proteomic studies. We utilized trans-mitochondrial cybrids to determine that mitochondria mediate sensitivity to OpA. Furthermore, we report effects on glycolysis, oxidative metabolism, and disruption of metabolite abundance in the TCA cycle. Alterations to mitochondrial iron concentrations and glutathione production, mediated partly by OpA engagement with the metabolic proteins CISD3 and SLC25A40, were also detected in EMT(+) cells. Antioxidant mechanisms are activated by OpA in EMT(+) cells via the NRF2-ARE pathway, verified by decreased cytotoxicity in EMT(+) cells pretreated with the NRF2 activator CDDO. Collectively, we conclude that OpA selectivity toward EMT is mediated by the mitochondria, and at sub-cytotoxic levels, generates a metabolic shift leading to cell death countered by antioxidant mechanisms.