Biology subjects

Blanco, P.

Publications and source records attributed to Blanco, P..

3 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2018

Integrating molecular markers and environmental covariates to interpret genotype by environment interaction in rice (Oryza sativa L.) grown in temperate areas

Understanding the genetic and environmental basis of genotype x environment interaction (GxE) is of fundamental importance in plant breeding. If we consider GxE in the context of genotype x year interactions (GxY), predicting which lines will have stable and superior performance across years is an important challenge for breeders. A better understanding of the factors that contribute to the overall grain yield and quality of rice (Oryza sativa L.) will lay the foundation for developing new breeding and selection strategies for combining high quality, with high yield. In this study, we used molecular marker data and environmental covariates (EC) simultaneously to predict rice yield, milling quality traits and plant height in untested environments (years), using both reaction norm models and partial least squares (PLS), in two rice breeding populations (indica and tropical japonica). We also sought to explain GxE by differential quantitative trait loci (QTL) expression in relation to EC. Our results showed that PLS models trained with both molecular markers and EC gave better prediction accuracies than reaction norm models when predicting future years. We also detected several milling quality QTL that showed a differential expression conditional on humidity and solar radiation, providing insight for the main environmental factors affecting milling quality in temperate rice growing areas.

genomics↗

bioRxiv2018

A novel method for comparison of arterial remodeling in hypertension: quantification of arterial trees and recognition of remodeling patterns on histological sections

Remodeling of spatially heterogeneous arterial trees is routinely quantified on tissue sections by averaging linear dimensions, with lack of comparison between different organs and models. The impact of experimental models or hypertension treatment modalities on organ-specific vascular remodeling remains undefined. A wide variety of arterial remodeling types has been demonstrated for hypertensive models, which include differences across organs. The purpose of this study was to reassess methods for measurement of arterial remodeling and to establish a morphometric algorithm for standard and comparable quantification of vascular remodeling in hypertension in different vascular beds. We performed a novel and comprehensive morphometric analysis of terminal arteries in the brain, heart, lung, liver, kidney, spleen, stomach, intestine, skin, skeletal muscle, and adrenal glands of control and Goldblatt hypertensive rats on routinely processed tissue sections. Mean dimensions were highly variable but grouping them into sequential 5 m intervals permitted creation of reliable linear regression equations and complex profiles. Averaged arterial dimensions demonstrated seven remodeling patterns that were distinct from conventional inward-outward and hypertrophic-eutrophic definitions. Numerical modeling predicted at least twenty variants of arterial spatial conformations. Recognition of remodeling variants was not possible using averaged dimensions, their ratios, or the remodeling and growth index. To distinguish remodeling patterns, a three-dimensional modeling was established and tested. The proposed algorithm permits quantitative analysis of arterial remodeling in different organs and may be applicable for comparative studies between animal hypertensive models and in human hypertension. Arterial wall tapering is the most important factor to consider in arterial morphometry, while perfusion fixation with vessel relaxation is not necessary. Terminal arteries in organs undergo the same remodeling pattern in Goldblatt rats, except for organs with hemodynamics affected by the arterial clip. The existing remodeling nomenclature should be replaced by a numerical classification applicable to any type of arterial remodeling.\n\nAuthor summaryArterial hypertension effects modern nations and is characterised by systemic hypertensive angiopathy that affects all organs. Arterial remodeling is a main factor to be analyzed in animal models and human. Despite abundant data, there is a significant lack of comparative analysis on arterial remodeling. The data from the present study have established a novel methodological approach to assess and compare arterial remodeling in hypertension. We have developed an effective algorithm for morphometry of intra-organ arteries to standardize remodeling assessment and allow comparisons between different hypertensive models, organs and species. Our study opens the possibility to assess remodeling using conventional widely used histological tissue sections with no need for special perfusion-fixation. The method will elucidate the improvement and development of animal models of hypertension, and enhance the assessment of experimental therapeutic modalities.

pathology↗

bioRxiv2018

Biolog phenotype microarray: a tool for the identification of multidrug resistance efflux pumps inducers

Overexpression of multidrug resistance efflux pumps is a relevant mechanism of antibiotic resistance for bacterial pathogens. These systems use to present low levels of basal expression. However, they can be induced by environmental signals or stresses which can lead to situations of phenotypic induced resistance. In contrast to efflux pumps substrates, inducers of these systems have not been thoroughly studied. In this work, we have applied a novel high-throughput methodology in order to identify inducer molecules of the Stenotrophomonas maltophilia SmeVWX and SmeYZ efflux pumps. To that goal, bioreporters in which the expression of the yellow fluorescent protein is linked to the activity of either the smeVWX or the smeYZ promoters were developed and used for the screening of potential inducers of the expression of these efflux pumps using Biolog phenotype microarrays. Confirmation of induction was carried out measuring YFP production along the bacterial growth and by flow cytometry; mRNA levels of smeV and smeY were also determined by real-time RT-PCR after exposure to the selected compounds. Among the 144 tested compounds, iodoacetate, clioquinol (5-chloro-7-iodo-8-hydroxyquinoline) and sodium selenite were found to be smeVWX inducers, while boric acid, erythromycin, chloramphenicol and lincomycin are able to trigger the expression of smeYZ. While the presence of the inducers allowed a decrease in the susceptibility to antibiotics that are known substrates of the efflux pumps, our results indicate that these efflux pumps did not contribute to S. maltophilia resistance to the analyzed inducers.\n\nImportanceMultidrug efflux pumps constitute a category of elements involved in the cellular response to stress that is universally represented; from bacteria to human cells. Besides playing basic roles in cell physiology, these elements are critical elements in the resistance to therapeutic agents, including anti-cancer drugs, antifungals and antibiotics. Stable-inheritable resistance is achieved through mutations in regulatory elements that allow overexpression of these systems. However, much less is known on the effectors, or growing conditions, that might induce their expression, leading to a situation of transient-phenotypic resistance, not detectable by current susceptibility tests, unless the inducer in known. Herein we present a methodology amenable for the high-throughput screening of efflux pumps inducers. The use of phenotype microarrays linked to fluorescence reporters have allowed to identify a set of different inducers for smeVWX and smeYZ. Notably, induction seems to be uncoupled from the detoxification of the inducers by the corresponding efflux pumps. The mechanism of action of each of the inducers for inhibiting bacterial growth allowed us to propose that smeVWX is likely induced as a response to thiol-reactive compounds, while smeYZ is induced by ribosome-targeting antimicrobials. Although applied to a specific bacterium, this method is of application to any type of organism and efflux pump, changing the growing conditions in the case of eukaryotic cells. Since the presence of inducers may change the cell response to therapeutic drugs, the identification of these molecules is of clinical relevance.

microbiology↗