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Biology subjects

Black, I.

Publications and source records attributed to Black, I..

4 recordsLinked to original sources

Long-PDE4D degradation attenuates left ventricular cardiomyocyte hypertrophic remodelling

Spatial compartmentalisation enables cyclic AMP (cAMP) to regulate distinct cellular functions, yet selectively targeting disease-associated signalling remains challenging. Phosphodiesterases constrain local cAMP responses, but conventional inhibitors offer limited isoform selectivity. Here we investigate whether targeted degradation of long phosphodiesterase-4D (PDE4D) isoforms can suppress pathological growth while preserving contractile function. Using adult rat and human ventricular cardiomyocytes and human myocardial slices, we show that the proteolysis-targeting chimera KTX-184 enhances compartmentalised cAMP signalling and attenuates hypertrophic remodelling. In rat cardiomyocytes, KTX-184 increases {beta}-adrenergic cAMP responses in the cytosol and at the plasma membrane, including T-tubule and crest regions, and enhances nuclear protein kinase A activity. In contrast, phospholamban- and ryanodine receptor-associated cAMP nanodomains, calcium transients and sarcomere shortening remain unchanged. KTX-184 prevents angiotensin II-induced hypertrophic remodelling, preserves T-tubule organisation and normalises hypertrophic marker expression. In human cardiomyocytes, it increases cytosolic cAMP responses and prevents overload-induced hypertrophy in myocardial slices. These findings identify long PDE4D isoforms as targets for spatially selective modulation of cAMP signalling and support targeted degradation as an approach to suppress cardiac hypertrophy without increasing contractility.

pharmacology and toxicology↗

Structure and mechanism of biosynthesis of Streptococcus mutans cell wall polysaccharide

Streptococcus mutans, the causative agent of human dental caries, expresses a cell wall attached Serotype c-specific Carbohydrate (SCC) that is critical for cell viability. SCC consists of a repeating [->]3)-Rha(1[->]2)-Rha(1[->] polyrhamnose backbone, with glucose (Glc) side-chains and glycerol phosphate (GroP) decorations. This study reveals that SCC has one major and two minor Glc modifications. The major Glc modification, -Glc, attached to position 2 of 3-rhamnose, is installed by SccN and SccM glycosyltransferases and is the site of the GroP addition. The minor Glc modifications are {beta}-Glc linked to position 4 of 3-rhamnose installed by SccP and SccQ glycosyltransferases, and -Glc attached to position 4 of 2-rhamnose installed by SccN working in tandem with an unknown enzyme. Both the major and the minor {beta}-Glc modifications control bacterial morphology, but only the GroP and major Glc modifications are critical for biofilm formation.

microbiology↗

Permethylation as a Strategy for High Molecular Weight Polysaccharide Structure Analysis by NMR& Case Study of Xylella fastidiosa EPS

Current practices for structure analysis of extremely large molecular weight polysaccharides via solution-state NMR spectroscopy incorporate partial depolymerization protocols that enable polysaccharide solubilization in suitable solvents. Non-specific depolymerization techniques utilized for glycosidic bond cleavage, such as chemical degradation or ultrasonication, potentially generate structure fragments that can complicate the complete characterization of polysaccharide structures. Utilization of appropriate enzymes for polysaccharide degradation, on the other hand, requires prior structure information and optimal enzyme activity conditions that are not available to the analyst working with novel or unknown compounds. Herein, we describe the application of a permethylation strategy that allows the complete dissolution of the intact polysaccharides for NMR structure characterization. This approach is utilized for NMR analysis of Xylella fastidiosa EPS, which is essential for the virulence the plant pathogen that affects multiple commercial crops and is responsible for multibillion dollar losses each year.

biochemistry↗

Species-specific recognition of Sulfolobales mediated by UV inducible pili and S-layer glycosylation patterns

The UV-inducible pili system of Sulfolobales (Ups) mediates the formation of species-specific cellular aggregates. Within these aggregates, cells exchange DNA in order to repair DNA double strand breaks via homologous recombination. Substitution of the S. acidocaldarius pilin subunits UpsA and UpsB with their homologs from Sulfolobus tokodaii showed that these subunits facilitate species-specific aggregation. A region of low conservation within the UpsA homologs is primarily important for this specificity. Aggregation assays in the presence of different sugars showed the importance of N-glycosylation in the recognition process. In addition, the N-glycan decorating the S-layer of S. tokodaii is different from the one of S. acidocaldarius. Therefore, each Sulfolobus species seems to have developed a unique UpsA binding pocket and unique N-glycan composition to ensure aggregation and consequently also DNA exchange with cells from only the same species, which is essential for DNA repair by homologous recombination.\n\nImportanceType IV pili can be found on the cell surface of many archaea and bacteria where they play important roles in different processes. The Ups-pili from the crenarchaeal Sulfolobales species are essential in establishing species-specific mating partners, ensuring genome stability. With this work, we show that different Sulfolobus species have species-specific regions in their Ups-pilin subunits, which allow them to interact only with cells from the same species. Additionally, different Sulfolobus species all have unique S-layer N-glycosylation patterns. We propose that the unique features of each species allow the recognition of specific mating partners. This knowledge for the first time gives insights into the molecular basis of archaeal self-recognition.

microbiology↗