Longitudinal single-cell analysis reveals RUNX1T1 as an early driver in treatment-induced neuroendocrine transdifferentiation
Treatment-induced neuroendocrine prostate cancer (t-NEPC) is a lethal form of advanced prostate cancer that can emerge from adenocarcinoma under androgen receptor pathway inhibition, but the tumor-cell states and regulators underlying this transition remain incompletely defined. Here, we analyzed longitudinal single-cell RNA sequencing data from the LTL331/331R patient-derived xenograft model across seven disease stages, comprising 32,269 tumor-cell transcriptomes from treatment-naive adenocarcinoma, post-castration regression, and relapsed NEPC. We identified an AR-low/NE-low intermediate state that emerged after castration and before overt relapse, as well as two transcriptionally distinct terminal NEPC states marked by ASCL1high/FOXA2low and ASCL1low/FOXA2high programs. RUNX1T1 was induced in the intermediate state and remained elevated across both terminal states. RUNX1T1 enhanced NE-associated features and cell viability during enzalutamide treatment in adenocarcinoma cells, whereas its knockdown in NCI-H660 cells reduced NE-associated transcriptional programs, proliferation, and survival and shifted the transcriptome toward an intermediate-like state. Chromatin interactome analysis and co-immunoprecipitation linked RUNX1T1 to G9A/LASP1-containing chromatin repressor complexes. These findings define a temporal framework for treatment-induced NEPC progression and identify RUNX1T1 as an early-induced and sustained regulator of NE lineage transition and maintenance of established NEPC.