Riluzole suppresses growth and enhances response to endocrine therapy in ER+ breast cancer
BackgroundResistance to endocrine therapy in estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer remains a significant clinical problem. Riluzole is FDA-approved for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. A benzothiazole-based glutamate release inhibitor with several context-dependent mechanism(s) of action, Riluzole has shown anti-tumor activity in multiple malignancies, including melanoma, glioblastoma, and breast cancer. We previously reported that the acquisition of Tamoxifen resistance in a cellular model of invasive lobular breast cancer is accompanied by the upregulation of GRM mRNA expression and growth inhibition by Riluzole. MethodsWe tested the ability of Riluzole to reduce cell growth, alone and in combination with endocrine therapy, in a diverse set of ER+ invasive ductal and lobular breast cancer-derived cell lines, primary breast tumor explant cultures, and the estrogen-independent, ESR1-mutated invasive lobular breast cancer patient-derived xenograft model HCI-013EI. ResultsSingle-agent Riluzole suppressed the growth of ER+ invasive ductal and lobular breast cancer cell lines in vitro, inducing a histologic subtype-associated cell cycle arrest (G0-G1 for ductal, G2-M for lobular). Riluzole induced apoptosis and ferroptosis and reduced phosphorylation of multiple pro-survival signaling molecules, including Akt/mTOR, CREB, and Src/Fak family kinases. Riluzole, in combination with either Fulvestrant or 4-hydroxytamoxifen, additively suppressed ER+ breast cancer cell growth in vitro. Single-agent Riluzole significantly inhibited HCI-013EI patient-derived xenograft growth in vivo, and the combination of Riluzole plus Fulvestrant significantly reduced proliferation in primary breast tumor explant cultures. ConclusionsRiluzole, alone or combined with endocrine therapy, may offer therapeutic benefits in diverse ER+ breast cancers, including lobular breast cancer.