Single-cell profiling identifies ACE+ granuloma macrophages as a non-permissive niche for intracellular bacteria during persistent Salmonella infection
Macrophages mediate key antimicrobial responses against intracellular bacterial pathogens, such as Salmonella enterica. Yet, they can also act as a permissive niche for these pathogens to persist in infected tissues within granulomas, which are immunological structures comprised of macrophages and other immune cells. We apply single-cell transcriptomics to investigate macrophage functional diversity during persistent Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (STm) infection in mice. We identify determinants of macrophage heterogeneity in infected spleens and describe populations of distinct phenotypes, functional programming, and spatial localization. Using a STm mutant with impaired ability to polarize macrophage phenotypes, we find that angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) defines a granuloma macrophage population that is non-permissive for intracellular bacteria and their abundance anticorrelates with tissue bacterial burden. Disruption of pathogen control by neutralizing TNF preferentially depletes ACE+ macrophages in infected tissues. Thus ACE+ macrophages have differential capacity to serve as cellular niche for intracellular bacteria to establish persistent infection. TeaserThis study shows that ACE+ granuloma macrophages have restricted capacity to act as a cellular niche that enables intracellular bacterial persistence.