Sex-specific effects of psychoactive drugs on memory performance in an animal model of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental condition characterized by persistent deficits in working memory (WM) and executive control. Dysregulation of the Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5)/p35 signaling pathway has been implicated in ADHD pathophysiology due to its impact on neuronal connectivity and dopamine regulation. Using p35 knockout (p35KO) mice--an animal model exhibiting ADHD-like phenotypes--we investigated WM performance, task-related c-Fos-IR expression under basal conditions as a function of sex and genotype, as well as WM responses to acute treatment with methylphenidate (MPH) or fluoxetine (FLX), administered alone or in combination. Under basal conditions, p35KO mice exhibited significantly reduced spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze test compared with wild type (WT), whereas recognition memory remained intact. Analysis of c-Fos-IR expression, used as a marker of task-related neuronal activity, revealed region- and genotype-dependent differences, with effects of sex. p35KO animals showed reduced c-Fos-IR expression in prefrontal cortical regions and increased expression in hippocampal regions. Acute MPH or FLX treatment significantly increased spontaneous alternation in p35KO males, whereas this effect was not observed following combined treatment (MPH+FLX). In WT mice, treatment with MPH, FLX, or MPH+FLX reduced spontaneous alternation, particularly evident in females. Exploratory activity was increased in p35KO mice independently of treatment. These findings support a role for Cdk5/p35 signaling in the prefrontal-hippocampal activation patterns associated with WM testing and indicate that behavioral and pharmacological responses in this model vary according to sex and neurobiological background, highlighting the importance of considering sex as a biological variable in preclinical and translational ADHD research. O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=113 SRC="FIGDIR/small/696253v3_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (36K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@10f3aeorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@ee28a5org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1ae7152org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@191c061_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG