Benefield, Z. | bioRxiv Science

bioRxiv2024

Effects of Martian magnetic and gravitational fields across multiple generations of the nematode C. elegans

AbstractsLife on Mars will require organisms to endure sustained exposure to reduced gravity and near-absent planetary magnetism, yet little is known about how these environmental factors may combine to potentially affect biology across generations. Here, we investigated the transgenerational effects of Martian gravity and magnetism on neuromuscular, sensory, and morphological function using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model. Animals were reared continuously under ground-based simulated Martian conditions across six generations and assessed using high-throughput behavioral and morphometric assays. Animals remained viable but acquired progressive transgenerational impairments across multiple functional domains. Swimming frequency showed immediate and severe deficits at all generations tested (Cohens d = 2.6-4.2), while chemotaxis deficits emerged more gradually, becoming significant by Generation 4. Morphological changes followed non-monotonic trajectories, with transient compensatory growth at Generation 4 followed by increased developmental variability at Generation 6. These differential patterns of impairment across neuromuscular, sensory, and developmental systems reveal domain-specific vulnerabilities to sustained Martian conditions. Critically, by Generation 6, Mars lineages exhibited a three-to-eight-fold increase in phenotypic variability, consistent with a loss of developmental canalization that could pose a more serious challenge for sustained colonization than simple mean fitness reductions.

physiology↗

bioRxiv2019

Unbiased analysis of magnetic orientation by C. elegans reveals the use of distinct turning strategies to align with magnetic fields and to adopt their preferred migratory direction.

To successfully navigate their surroundings, animals detect and orient to environmental stimuli possessing unique physical properties. Most animals can derive directional information from spatial or temporal changes in stimulus intensity (e.g. chemo- and thermo-taxis). However, some biologically relevant stimuli have constant intensity at most organismal scales. The gravitational and magnetic fields of the earth are examples of uniform stimuli that remain constant at most relevant scales. While devoid of information associated with intensity changes, the vectorial nature of these fields intrinsically encodes directional information. While much is known about behavioral strategies that exploit changes in stimulus intensity (gradients), less is understood about orientation to uniform stimuli. Nowhere is this truer than with magnetic orientation. While many organisms are known to orient to the magnetic field of the earth, how these animals extract information from the earths magnetic field remains unresolved.\n\nHere we use the nematode C. elegans to investigate behavioral strategies for orientation to magnetic fields, and compare our findings to the better characterized chemical and thermal orientation strategies. We used an unbiased cluster analysis to categorize, quantify, and compare behavioral components underlying different orientation strategies as a way to quantify and compare animal orientation to distinct stimuli. We find that in the presence of an earth-like magnetic field, worms perform acute angle turns (140-171{degrees}) that significantly improved their alignment with the direction of an imposed magnetic vector. In contrast, animals performed high amplitude turns (46-82{degrees}) that significantly increased alignment of their trajectory with the preferred migratory angle. We conclude that C. elegans orients to earth-strength magnetic fields using two independent behavioral strategies, in contrast to orientation strategies to graded stimuli. Understanding how C. elegans detects and orients to magnetic fields will provide useful insight into how many species across taxa accomplish this fascinating sensory feat.

animal behavior and cognition↗