Biology subjects

Bendix, P. M.

Publications and source records attributed to Bendix, P. M..

8 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2026

Insights into Spontaneous Curvature in Complex Membranes from Dual-Tether Pulling Experiments

Spontaneous curvature characterizes the propensity of a membrane to bend in a specific direction. It is therefore crucial in the multitude of cellular processes that involve membrane shape remodelling. Yet, experimentally quantifying the spontaneous curvature remains a significant challenge in complex biological membranes, as their heterogeneity causes ambiguities in spontaneous curvatures physical interpretation. Here, we introduce a general experiment-simulation framework to measure an effective spontaneous curvature using dual-direction tether pulling from cell-attached giant plasma membrane vesicles (GPMVs) and mesoscale simulations. For homogeneous membranes, the force difference between inward and outward pulls yields a tension-independent readout of spontaneous curvature. We show that this continuum observable can be generalized to the mean of the spontaneous curvature in a heterogeneous membrane, independent of the underlying microscopic spontaneous curvature distribution. Applied to HEK-derived GPMVs, a baseline negative spontaneous curvature of the plasma membrane is revealed. Sucrose treatment and extracellular addition of Annexin A5 systematically shift the effective spontaneous curvature, while mucin reporter overexpression does not measurably alter it under the conditions tested. We also measure the curvature imprint of individual fluorescently tagged proteins through a sorting index. Benchmarked with Annexin A5, our scheme recovers curvature imprints very similar to previous atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. Taken together this makes spontaneous curvature accessible as a directly measurable material property of native membranes and membrane-proteins, enabling quantitative studies of membrane remodelling across diverse cellular processes.

biophysics↗

bioRxiv2026

Actin cross-linking organizes basal body patterning through anomalous diffusion transitions

Subcellular protein complexes and organelles exhibit diverse dynamic behaviors that reflect the mechanical constraints and organization of the intracellular environment. Although some structures follow classical Brownian motion, many display anomalous dynamics, including subdiffusion and superdiffusion, driven by viscoelasticity, molecular crowding, and cytoskeletal interactions. Transitions between these regimes are increasingly recognized as critical for subcellular organization, yet how they are regulated and influence pattern formation remains unclear. Here, we investigate the spatial arrangement of cilia on the apical surface of multiciliated cells (MCCs) in developing Xenopus laevis embryos, where coordinated ciliary beating depends on the precise organization of hundreds of centriole-derived basal bodies (BBs). Using quantitative confocal, high-resolution and high-speed TIRF imaging together with theoretical modeling, we show that BB trajectories undergo time-resolved transitions between diffusive and anomalous motion, with distinct regimes that correlate with apical surface expansion. During the early stages, actin remodeling facilitates the dispersal of BBs by providing a permissive, low-confinement environment. As development progresses, the actin network becomes increasingly cross-linked, forming a dense meshwork that constrains BB movement and promotes uniform spacing across the apical domain. Disruption of -actinin-1, a major actin cross-linking protein, impairs the integrity of the apical actin meshwork, weakens BB confinement, and disrupts regular spatial patterning, ultimately compromising the spatial arrangement of BBs required for proper cilia alignment. Together, we show that progressive apical actin cross-linking coordinates BB positioning and regulates their dynamic state, guiding the shift from diffusive to confined motion. This transition in dynamics enables the emergence of a uniform BB pattern, which in turn ensures the aligned deployment of motile cilia necessary for effective directional fluid flow.

biophysics↗

bioRxiv2023

Quantitative Determination of Protein Concentration in Living Cells

Biological systems are regulated by molecular interactions which are tuned by the concentrations of each of the molecules involved. Cells exploit this feature by regulating protein expression, to adapt their responses to overstimulation. Correlating events in single cells to the concentrations of proteins involved can therefore provide important mechanistic insight into cell behavior. Unfortunately, quantification of molecular densities by fluorescence imaging becomes non-trivial due to the diffraction limited resolution of the imaged volume. We show here an alternative approach to overcome this limitation in optical quantification of protein concentrations which is based on calibrating protein volume and surface densities in a model membrane system. We exploit the ability of fluorescently labeled annexin V to bind membranes in presence of calcium. By encapsulating known concentrations of annexin V, we can directly infer the membrane density of annexin V after addition of Ca2+ and correlate the density with the measured fluorescence signal. Our method, named Calmet, enables quantitative determination of the concentration of cytosolic and membrane associated proteins. The applicability of Calmet is demonstrated by quantification of a transmembrane protein receptor (beta 1 adrenergic receptor) labeled by SNAP tagged fluorophores and expressed in HEK293 cells. Calmet is a generic method suitable for the determination of a broad range of concentrations and densities and can be used on regular fluorescence images captured by confocal laser scanning microscopy.

biophysics↗

bioRxiv2022

Thermoplasmonic induced vesicle fusion for investigating membrane protein phase affinity

Many cellular processes involve the lateral organization of integral and peripheral membrane proteins into nanoscale domains. Despite the biological significance the mechanisms that facilitate membrane protein clustering into nanoscale lipid domains remain enigmatic. In cells the analysis of membrane protein phase affinity is complicated by the size and temporal nature of ordered and disordered lipid domains. To overcome these limitations we developed a method for delivering membrane proteins from transfected cells into phase-separated model membranes that combines optical trapping with thermoplasmonic-mediated membrane fusion and confocal imaging. Using this approach we observed clear phase partitioning following the transfer of GFP-tagged influenza hemagglutinin and neuraminidase from transfected cell membranes to giant unilamellar vesicles. The generic platform presented here allows investigation of the phase affinity of any plasma membrane protein which can be labeled or tagged with a fluorescent marker.

biophysics↗

bioRxiv2021

Annexin A4 senses membrane curvature in a density-dependent manner

Annexins (ANXs) are a family of peripheral membrane binding proteins which play a vital role in the maintenance and function of cellular membranes. These proteins are known to be part of the plasma membrane repair machinery where they are known to bind to negatively charged lipids in the cell membrane in a calcium dependent manner. The shape of the plasma membrane is known to be a regulator of protein density and thereby affects several biological functions of the cell such as exo-and endocytosis, cell motility, immune responses and also membrane repair. Membrane deformation and curvature sensing by proteins is a well described phenomenon which can assist in recruitment of specific proteins to certain regions in the cell and facilitate membrane bending. Following ruptures in the plasma membrane, calcium influx assist in the association of ANXs with the membrane around the ruptured area. Due to the expected increase in curvature at the damaged membrane site, it has been suggested that both membrane curvature and Ca2+ participate in the recruitment of ANXs. We have investigated the curvature sensing of ANXA4 in giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) by pulling high curvature membrane tethers from the vesicle surface using optical tweezers showing that ANXA4 recruitment increases with higher membrane curvature. We also describe an assay for determining protein density on the plasma membrane by utilizing ANXA4s property as a calcium dependent membrane binding protein. This new assay allows us to investigate the effect of protein density on curvature sensing.

biophysics↗

bioRxiv2021

Thermoplasmonic nano-rupture of cells reveals Annexin V function in plasma membrane repair

Maintaining the integrity of the cell plasma membrane (PM) is critical for the survival of cells. While an efficient PM repair machinery can aid survival of healthy cells by preventing influx of extracellular calcium, it can also constitute an obstacle in drug delivery and photothermal therapy. We show how nanoscopic holes can be applied to the cell surface thus allowing identification of molecular components with a pivotal role in PM repair. Cells are punctured by locally heating gold nanostructures at the cell surface which causes nano-ruptures in cellular PMs. Recruitment of annexin V near the hole is found to locally reshape the ruptured plasma membrane. Experiments using model membranes, containing recombinant annexin V, provide further biophysical insight into the ability of annexin V to reshape edges surrounding a membrane hole. The thermoplasmonic method provides a general strategy to monitor the response to nanoscopic injuries to the cell surface.

biophysics↗

bioRxiv2020

Physical properties and actin organization in embryonic stem cells depend on differentiation stage

The cellular cytoskeleton provides the cell with mechanical rigidity and mediates mechanical interaction between cells and with the extracellular environment. The actin structure plays a key role in regulating cellular behaviors like motility, cell sorting, or cell polarity. From the earliest stages of development, in naive stem cells, the critical mechanical role of the actin structure is becoming recognized as a vital cue for correct segregation and lineage control of cells and as a regulatory structure that controls several transcription factors. The ultrastructure of the earliest embryonic stem cells has not been investigated in living cells despite the fact that it is well-known that cells undergo morphological shape changes during the earliest stages of development. Here, we provide 3D investigations of the actin cytoskeleton of naive mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in clusters of sizes relevant for early stage development using super resolution optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM). We quantitatively describe the morphological, cytoskeletal and mechanical changes appearing between cells in small clusters at the earliest stages of inner cell mass differentiation, as recapitulated by cells cultured under two media conditions, 2i and Serum/LIF, thus promoting the naive and first primed state, respectively. High resolution images of living stem cells showed that the peripheral actin structure undergoes a dramatic change between the two media conditions. The actin organization changed from being predominantly oriented parallel to the cell surface in 2i medium to a more radial orientation in Serum/LIF. Finally, using an optical trapping based technique, we detected micro-rheological differences in the cell periphery between the cells cultured in these two media, with results correlating well with the observed nano-architecture of the ESCs in the two different differentiation stages. These results pave the way for linking physical properties and cytoskeletal architecture to the development from naive stem cells to specialized cells. Statement of SignificanceCells receive mechanical signals and must provide mechanical feedback, therefore, physical properties are instrumental for cell-cell interactions. Mechanical signals mediated through the cell surface can significantly affect transport of signaling molecules and can influence biological processes like transcriptional regulation. To achieve a deeper insight into how the cytoskeletal structure is responsible for cell shape and material properties at the earliest stages of development, we employ super-resolution microscopy to image actin fibers in clusters of embryonic stem cells mimicking early development. By modification of the culturing conditions, we investigate how the actin cytoskeleton and micro-rheological properties of ESCs change between the naive ground state and the stage primed towards epiblast, thus revealing a correlation between differentiation stage and cytoskeletal structure.

biophysics↗

bioRxiv2020

Annexin A4 trimers are recruited by high membrane curvatures in Giant Plasma Membrane Vesicles

The plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells consists of a crowded environment comprised of a high diversity of proteins in a complex lipid matrix. The lateral organization of membrane proteins in the plasma membrane (PM) is closely correlated with biological functions such as endocytosis, membrane budding and other processes which involve protein mediated shaping of the membrane into highly curved structures. Annexin A4 (ANXA4) is a prominent player in a number of biological functions including plasma membrane repair. Its binding to membranes is activated by Ca2+ influx and it is therefore rapidly recruited to the cell surface near rupture sites where Ca2+ influx takes place. However, the free edges near rupture sites can easily bend into complex curvatures and hence may accelerate recruitment of curvature sensing proteins to facilitate rapid membrane repair. To analyze the curvature sensing behavior of curvature inducing proteins in crowded membranes, we quantifify the affinity of ANXA4 monomers and trimers for high membrane curvatures by extracting membrane nanotubes from giant plasma membrane vesicles (GPMVs). ANXA4 is found to be a sensor of negative membrane curvatures. Multiscale simulations furthermore predicted that ANXA4 trimers generate membrane curvature upon binding and have an affinity for highly curved membrane regions only within a well defined membrane curvature window. Our results indicate that curvature sensing and mobility of ANXA4 depend on the trimer structure of ANXA4 which could provide new biophysical insight into the role of ANXA4 in membrane repair and other biological processes.

biophysics↗