Biology subjects

Benakis, C.

Publications and source records attributed to Benakis, C..

3 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2018

Panoptic vDISCO imaging reveals neuronal connectivity, remote trauma effects and meningeal vessels in intact transparent mice

Analysis of entire transparent rodent bodies could provide holistic information on biological systems in health and disease. However, it has been challenging to reliably image and quantify signal from endogenously expressed fluorescent proteins in large cleared mouse bodies due to the low signal contrast. Here, we devised a pressure driven, nanobody based whole-body immunolabeling technology to enhance the signal of fluorescent proteins by up to two orders of magnitude. This allowed us to image subcellular details in transparent mouse bodies through bones and highly autofluorescent tissues, and perform quantifications. We visualized for the first-time whole-body neuronal connectivity of an entire adult mouse and discovered that brain trauma induces degeneration of peripheral axons. We also imaged meningeal lymphatic vessels and immune cells through the intact skull and vertebra in naive animals and trauma models. Thus, our new approach can provide an unbiased holistic view of biological events affecting the nervous system and the rest of the body.\n\n\n\nO_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=151 SRC=\"FIGDIR/small/374785_ufig1.gif\" ALT=\"Figure 1\">\nView larger version (62K):\norg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@8fad72org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@c41ed5org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1c470eaorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d144cb_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG Note: Manuscript videos are available at Supplementary material section of BioRxiv and at the following link http://vdisco.isd-muc.de/

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2018

Endogenous protection from ischemic brain injury by preconditioned monocytes

Exposure to low dose lipopolysaccharide prior to cerebral ischemia is neuroprotective in stroke models, a phenomenon termed preconditioning. While it is well established that lipopolysaccharide-preconditioning induces central and peripheral immune responses, the cellular mechanisms modulating ischemic injury remain unclear. Here, we investigated the role of immune cells in the brain protection afforded by preconditioning and we tested whether monocytes may be reprogrammed by ex vivo lipopolysaccharide exposure thus modulating the inflammatory injury after cerebral ischemia in male mice. We found that systemic injection of low-dose lipopolysaccharide induces a distinct subclass of CD115+Ly6Chi monocytes that protect the brain after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice. Remarkably, adoptive transfer of monocytes isolated from preconditioned mice into naive mice 7 hours after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion reduced brain injury. Gene expression and functional studies showed that IL-10, iNOS and CCR2 in monocytes are essential for the neuroprotection. This protective activity was elicited even if mouse or human monocytes were exposed ex vivo to lipopolysaccharide and then injected into male mice after stroke. Cell tracking studies showed that protective monocytes are mobilized from the spleen and reach brain and meninges, wherein they suppressed post-ischemic inflammation and neutrophils influx into the brain parenchyma. Our findings unveil a previously unrecognized subpopulation of splenic monocytes capable to protect the brain with an extended therapeutic window, and provide the rationale for cell therapies based on the delivery of autologous or allogeneic protective monocytes into patients with ischemic stroke.\n\nSignificance StatementInflammation is a key component of the pathophysiology of the brain in stroke, a leading cause of death and disability with limited therapeutic options. Here, we investigate endogenous mechanisms of protection against cerebral ischemia. Using LPS preconditioning as an approach to induce ischemic tolerance in mice, we found the generation of neuroprotective monocytes within the spleen from where they traffic to the brain and meninges suppressing post-ischemic inflammation. Importantly, systemic LPS preconditioning can be mimicked by adoptive transfer of in vitro-preconditioned mouse or human monocytes at translational relevant time points after stroke. This model of neuroprotection may facilitate clinical efforts to increase the efficacy of bone marrow mononuclear cell treatments in acute neurological diseases such as cerebral ischemia.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2018

A master regulatory network restoring brain glutamate homeostasis is coordinately activated in stroke

Post-transcriptional regulation by miRNAs is essential for complex molecular responses to physiological insult and disease. Although many disease-associated miRNAs are known, their global targets and culminating network effects on pathophysiology remain poorly understood. We applied AGO CLIP to systematically elucidate altered miRNA-target interactions in brain following ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Among 1,190 identified, most prominent was the cumulative loss of target regulation by miR-29 family members. Integration of translational and time-course RNA profiles revealed a dynamic mode of miR-29 target de-regulation, led by acute translational activation and later increase in RNA levels, allowing rapid proteomic changes to take effect. These functional regulatory events rely on canonical and non-canonical miR-29 binding and engage glutamate reuptake signals to control local glutamate levels. These results uncover a miRNA target network that acts acutely to maintain brain homeostasis after ischemic stroke.

neuroscience↗