Biology subjects

Belda, H.

Publications and source records attributed to Belda, H..

5 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2026

FIKK1, a member of the FIKK kinase family, phosphorylates VAR2CSA and regulates adhesion of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes to the placental receptor CSA

Plasmodium falciparum promotes the adhesion of infected erythrocytes (IEs) to host cells by extensively remodeling their surface. For this process, the parasite exports a large number of proteins to its host erythrocyte, including members of the P. falciparum Erythrocyte Membrane Protein-1 (PfEMP1) adhesin family and members of the FIKK family. Several FIKK have been shown to play a role in P. falciparum virulence, notably affecting IES cell surface remodeling, rigidity and cytoadhesion. VAR2CSA, a member of the PfEMP1 adhesin family, is associated with IES sequestration in the placenta and has been shown to be phosphorylated. In view of the previously described importance of VAR2CSA phosphorylation, we investigated the role of FIKK1. We show that FIKK1 is capable of phosphorylating VAR2CSA in vitro, and that this phosphorylation increases the binding of recombinant VAR2CSA to the placental receptor chondroitin sulphate A (CSA). In an inducible transgenic cell line expressing HA-tagged FIKK1, immunofluorescence assays indicate that the kinase localizes to punctuated foci within Maurers Cleft, similarly to VAR2CSA. Rapamycin-induced knock out of FIKK1 reduces IEs cytoadhesion to CSA, even though levels of VAR2CSA are not affected. In vitro phosphorylation assays show that FIKK1 can phosphorylate recombinant DBL1-3 domains on several residues, including S429 and T934, previously implicated in in vitro binding and IES cytoadhesion to CSA. Taken together, these data support a model whereby FIKK1 contributes to placental malaria virulence through IEs sequestration mediated by VAR2CSA phosphorylation. Having no orthologs in mammals, this orphan kinase therefore represents an attractive target for the development of drugs against placental malaria. Author summarySequestration of Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes (IEs) in the placenta is a hallmark of placental malaria and a major driver of adverse maternofetal outcomes. This process is mediated by VAR2CSA, a member of the P. falciparum Erythrocyte Membrane Protein (PfEMP1) family. VAR2CSA binds to chondroitin sulfate A (CSA) on the placental syncytium, facilitating IEs sequestration. In a previous study, we demonstrated that endogenous VAR2CSA is phosphorylated and identified specific phosphosites important for its cytoadhesive function. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying these post-translational modifications, we examined the role of the P. falciparum FIKK1 kinase in VAR2CSA phosphorylation and its impact on IEs adhesion. Using a FIKK1::HA conditional knockout transgenic line, we found that FIKK1 deletion impairs IEs cytoadhesion, likely due to altered VAR2CSA phosphorylation. Importantly, both endogenous and recombinant FIKK1 interact with and phosphorylate the extracellular region of VAR2CSA. Furthermore, recombinant FIKK1 also enhances VAR2CSA binding to CSA in vitro and phosphorylates a residue previously identified as important for CSA binding and IEs adhesion. Collectively, these findings highlight a pivotal role for FIKK1 in placental adhesion and underscore the potential of targeting this kinase family for interventions against placental malaria.

biochemistry↗

bioRxiv2025

Physiological febrile heat stress increases cytoadhesion through increased protein trafficking of Plasmodium falciparum surface proteins into the red blood cell

Fever is a hallmark of malaria. Several studies have linked febrile temperatures to reduced parasite viability, but also to increased cytoadhesion, a key driver of pathology. However, different mechanisms have been proposed to cause changes in cytoadhesion and parasite sensitivity to heat. Here, we demonstrate that exposure of Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells (iRBCs) to physiologically relevant febrile heat stress (39 {degrees}C), derived from patient data, enhances cytoadhesion through increased trafficking of the major virulence factor PfEMP1 to the iRBC surface. This phenomenon is not limited to PfEMP1 and common laboratory strains, as it extends to the surface nutrient channel PSAC in four clinical isolates of diverse geographic origin. The increased surface protein display occurs without changes in overall protein expression or parasite developmental progression. Using phosphoproteomics and proximity labelling, we find that elevated temperature also increases trafficking and phosphorylation of exported proteins into the RBC. Enhanced export is likely reliant on the presence of a transmembrane domain as shown by NanoLuc reporter assays. Collectively, our results indicate that febrile temperatures commonly experienced during infection can accelerate protein export, likely at the parasitophorous vacuole. This enhanced export following heat stress is relevant because increased cytoadhesion could influence disease severity through earlier iRBC sequestration and elevated bound parasite mass.

cell biology↗

bioRxiv2024

Evolution and inhibition of the FIKK effector kinase family in P. falciparum

Among the [~]200 Plasmodium species that infect vertebrates, six infect humans. Of these, P. falciparum causes >95% of all [~]500,000 annual fatalities. Phylogenetically, P. falciparum belongs to the Laverania subgenus, a group of Plasmodium species that infect great apes. Common to Laverania species is the family of FIKK kinases. One million years ago, a single FIKK kinase conserved in all Plasmodium species gained an export element in the Laverania subgenus and expanded into the family of [~]20 atypical FIKK kinases, most of which are exported into the host cell. The fikk genes are conserved in syntenic loci across the Laverania, arguing for a rapid expansion controlling important functions in host cell remodelling and pathogenesis. We provide evidence that the FIKK paralogues evolved specific and mutually exclusive phosphorylation motif preferences, conserved across their Laverania orthologues, in a short evolutionary timeframe. Surprisingly, we find that FIKK13 has evolved exclusive tyrosine-phosphorylation preference, which was thought to be absent in Plasmodium species. Combining a crystal structure with AlphaFold2 predictions, we identify residues that determine kinase-specificity within the FIKK family in a fast-evolving flexible loop. Finally, we show that all expressed members of the FIKK kinase family can be chemically inhibited in vitro using a single compound. Such a pan-specific inhibitor of this kinase family important for virulence could reduce the ability of the parasite to gain escape-mutations and resistance.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2023

The substrate quality of CK2 target sites has a determinant role on their function and evolution

Most biological processes are regulated by peptide-recognition modules (PRMs) that bind to short linear motifs (SLiMs). Such interactions are rapidly reversible and often occur at low affinity. The protein kinase domain represents one such binding module, and known substrates may have full or only partial matches to the kinase recognition motif, a property known as substrate quality. However, it is not yet clear whether differences in substrate quality represent neutral variation along the phosphosite sequence or if these differences have functional consequences that are subject to selection. We explore this question in detail for the acidophilic kinase CK2. CK2 is well-characterised, clinically important, and a fundamental enzyme for many aspects of cell biology. We show that optimal CK2 sites are phosphorylated at maximal stoichiometries and found in many conditions whereas minimal substrates are phosphorylated at lower stoichiometries, are more dynamic during the cell cycle, and have regulatory functions. Optimal CK2 sites also tend to be older and more conserved than minimal sites, and evolutionary simulations indicate that the substrate quality of CK2 phosphosites is often tuned by selection. For intermediate target sites, increases or decreases to substrate quality may be deleterious, which we demonstrate experimentally for a CK2 substrate at the kinetochore. The results together suggest that minimal and optimal phosphosites are strongly differentiated in terms of their functional and evolutionary properties.

evolutionary biology↗

bioRxiv2023

PerTurboID: A targeted in situ method to measure changes in a local protein environment reveals the impact of kinase deletion on cytoadhesion in malaria causing parasites

Reverse genetics is key to understanding protein function, but the mechanistic connection between a gene of interest and the observed phenotype is not always clear. Here we describe the use of proximity labeling using TurboID and site-specific quantification of biotinylated peptides to measure changes to the local protein environment of selected targets upon perturbation. We apply this technique, which we call PerTurboID, to understand how the P. falciparum exported kinase, FIKK4.1, regulates the function of the major virulence factor of the malaria causing parasite, PfEMP1. We generated independent TurboID fusions of 2 proteins that are predicted substrates of FIKK4.1 in a FIKK4.1 conditional KO parasite line. Comparing the abundance of site-specific biotinylated peptides between wildtype and kinase deletion lines reveals the differential accessibility of proteins to biotinylation, indicating changes to localization, protein-protein interactions, or protein structure which are mediated by FIKK4.1 activity. We further show that FIKK4.1 is likely the only FIKK kinase that controls surface levels of PfEMP1, but not other surface antigens, on the infected red blood cell under standard culture conditions. We believe PerTurboID is broadly applicable to study the impact of genetic or environmental perturbation on a selected cellular niche.

cell biology↗